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The thermal cycles experienced by the workpiece during welding can be duplicated in small specimens using a weld thermal simulator called Gleeble. These simulators evolved from an original device developed by Nippes and Savage in 1949 [62]. Figure 2.26 shows a specimen being resistance heated by the electric current passing through the specimen and the water‐cooled jaws holding it [63]. A thermocouple spot welded to the middle of the specimen surface is connected to a feedback control system that controls the amount of electric current passing through the specimen such that a specific thermal cycle can be duplicated. A heating rate as high as 10 000 °C/s can be achieved.

Figure 2.26 The thermal cycle at any location in a weld can be duplicated in the specimen with the help of a thermocouple and the thermal simulator.

Source: Courtesy of Dynamic Systems Inc.