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Example 2.1 Bead‐on‐plate welding of a thick steel plate is carried out using GTAW at 200 A, 10 V, and 2 mm/s. Based on Rosenthal's 3D equation, calculate the 500 °C cooling rates along the x‐axis of the workpiece for zero and 250 °C preheating. The arc efficiency is 70% and the thermal conductivity is 35 W/m°C.