Читать книгу Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges - Tracey Temple - Страница 4

Acknowledgements

Editor biographies

Contributors

Message from the editors

Abbreviations

Introduction: a global approach to environmental management on military training ranges

1 Scientific principles of environmental management

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Contextualising military training environments

1.3 Behaviour of explosives in the environment

1.3.1 Nitramine explosives

1.3.2 Nitroaromatic explosives

1.3.3 Propellants

1.3.4 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one

1.4 Predicting environmental behaviour of explosives

1.4.1 Laboratory experiments

1.4.2 Computational modelling

1.4.3 Transformation and reaction processes

1.5 Conclusion

References

2 Characterization of soils on military training ranges

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Background

2.3 Steps in the multi-increment sampling process

2.3.1 Sample quality criteria

2.3.2 Material properties

2.3.3 Theory of sampling

2.3.4 Data evaluation and inference

2.4 Error and error reduction

2.4.1 Magnitude of error

2.4.2 Controlling for error

2.4.3 Other sources of error

2.4.4 Minimizing sampling error

2.5 Sampling

2.5.1 Objectives

2.5.2 Sampling

2.5.3 Sources of error (see section 2.4)

2.5.4 Best practices

2.6 Sampling on snow and ice—a special case

2.7 Sample processing and analysis

2.7.1 How to process multi-increment soil samples to determine energetics

2.7.2 Summary of the sources of error

2.7.3 Analytical processes

2.8 Conclusion

References

3 Hydrologeological characterization of military training ranges and production of maps for land management

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 Well location

3.1.2 Preparation of drilling sites and safety procedures

3.1.3 Drilling methods and cleaning procedures

3.1.4 Well components

3.1.5 Well development

3.1.6 Water level measurements

3.1.7 Well purging and groundwater sampling

3.1.8 Analytical methods and quality control

3.1.9 Hydraulic conductivity testing (slug tests)

3.1.10 Conclusion

3.2 Production of maps for land management of range training areas

3.2.1 Introduction

3.2.2 Aquifer vulnerability

3.2.3 Hazard

3.2.4 Risk

3.2.5 Vulnerability of potential receptors

3.2.6 Conclusions

References

4 Analysis of explosives in the environment

4.1 Sample preparation

4.2 Detection and chemical analysis of explosives

4.2.1 Spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques

4.2.2 Chromatographic techniques

4.3 Conclusion

References

5 Environmental management of military ranges with the support of a life-cycle assessment approach

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Life-cycle assessment methodology

5.2.1 Barriers for assessing the toxicological impacts on military ranges with the life-cycle assessment methodology

5.2.2 USEtox method

5.3 Life-cycle assessment of the use of ammunition in military ranges

5.3.1 Description of the generic munition and inventory

5.3.2 Impact assessment

5.4 Discussion of the application of life-cycle assessment methodology to manage military ranges

References

6 Hazard assessment of exposure to ammunition-related constituents and combustion products

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Approaches to performing experiments, analyses and evaluations

6.2.1 In silico prediction of emitted products

6.2.2 Laboratory and field testing

6.2.3 Military smokes

6.2.4 Sampling and analysis

6.3 Hazard assessment and evaluation

6.3.1 General background/desktop approaches

6.3.2 In vitro approaches

6.3.3 In vivo approaches

6.4 Recommendations and way forward

6.4.1 Prediction of emitted products

6.4.2 Recommendations for experimental setup and analysis

6.4.3 Developments in toxicity assessment

References

7 Review of remediation technologies for energetics contamination in the US

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Background

7.2.1 Analysis of energetic materials in environmental media

7.2.2 Toxicology summary for energetic materials

7.2.3 Development of risk screening levels (RSLs) for energetic materials in soils and groundwater

7.3 Remedial technologies for energetic materials and co-contaminants

7.3.1 Development and scale-up of remediation technologies

7.3.2 Incineration

7.3.3 Composting

7.3.4 Ex situ and in situ biological/chemical reduction—DARAMEND process

7.3.5 Alkaline hydrolysis (AH)

7.3.6 Solidification/stabilization (S/S)

7.3.7 Pump and treat w/granular activated carbon (GAC)

7.3.8 In situ bioremediation (ISB)

7.4 Conclusions and further work

References

8 Characterization and monitoring of energetic compounds on training ranges: case studies in Alaska, United States

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Studied ranges

8.3 Methods

8.4 Results and discussion

8.4.1 Range activities

8.4.2 Potential point sources

8.4.3 Fate and transport on ranges

8.5 Conclusion

References

9 Heavy metal contamination on small arms shooting ranges

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Methods for contaminated site management

9.2.1 Historical investigation

9.2.2 Technical investigation

9.2.3 Risk assessment

9.2.4 Remediation concept

9.3 Pollutant management techniques

9.3.1 Improve construction properties of artificial backstops

9.3.2 Drainage systems

9.3.3 Avoid protected areas

9.3.4 Adapt military training exercises to the terrain

9.3.5 Correct maintenance and appropriate use of shooting ranges

9.4 Case study shooting range, Flumserberg, Switzerland

9.5 Discussion and conclusion

References

10 Metal and energetics survey of the Borris shooting range, Denmark

10.1 Introduction

10.2 History of Borris shooting range

10.3 Conducting the survey

10.3.1 Background

10.3.2 Purpose

10.3.3 Scope

10.4 Compounds

10.5 Sampling

10.5.1 Artillery firing position

10.5.2 Impact area artillery

10.5.3 Anti-tank range

10.5.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant

10.5.5 Hand grenade range

10.5.6 Omme Å stream

10.6 Results

10.6.1 Artillery firing position

10.6.2 Impact area artillery

10.6.3 Anti-tank range

10.6.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant

10.6.5 Hand grenade range

10.6.6 Omme Å stream

10.7 Assessment

10.7.1 Artillery firing position

10.7.2 Impact area artillery

10.7.3 Anti-tank range

10.7.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant

10.7.5 Hand grenade range

10.7.6 Omme Å stream

10.8 Conclusion

11 Mitigation of the environmental footprint of a munition

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Development of field demilitarization methods in Canada and the USA for the destruction of the excess artillery gun propellant

11.2.1 Introduction

11.2.2 Field demilitarization method for excess gun propellants/Canadian fixed tool

11.3 Introduction

11.3.1 Canadian bullet catcher

11.3.2 Summary

11.4 The development of reactive membranes for adsorption of heavy metals and energetic materials

11.4.1 Introduction

11.4.2 Methodology

11.4.3 Results

11.4.4 Summary

11.5 Investigations on the efficiency of remedial methods for energetic materials: dithionite and lime

11.5.1 Introduction

11.5.2 Testing of remediation technologies

11.5.3 Summary

11.6 Conclusions

References

12 Environmental assessment at a Brazilian Army site

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Case study

12.2.1 Methodology

12.2.2 Results and reports

12.2.3 Polluting materials from ammunition detonation

12.2.4 Soil survey

12.2.5 Vegetation survey

12.2.6 Propagation of shock waves

12.3 Conclusions

References

13 Bushfire management (Australia)

13.1 Background

13.2 Outline of the Defence Estate

13.3 Defence bushfire management policy

13.4 Case study Marrangaroo/State Mine Fire 2013

13.4.1 Implementations of automatic weather stations

13.4.2 Memorandum of understanding agreements

13.4.3 Wildfire competency for range control officers

13.5 Service delivery model for bushfire management

13.6 Bushfire Management Yampi Sound Training Area

13.7 Conclusion

References

14 Greener or insensitive munitions: selecting the best option

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Matrix selection criteria

14.3 Insensitive munitions

14.4 Environmental properties

14.4.1 Human toxicity

14.4.2 Ecotoxicity

14.4.3 Bioavailability

14.4.4 Leaching

14.4.5 Degradation

14.4.6 Recycling

14.5 Costs

14.6 Technical feasibility

14.7 Performance

14.8 Final selection

14.9 Conclusions

References