Читать книгу Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges - Tracey Temple - Страница 4
Contents
ОглавлениеIntroduction: a global approach to environmental management on military training ranges
1 Scientific principles of environmental management
1.2 Contextualising military training environments
1.3 Behaviour of explosives in the environment
1.3.2 Nitroaromatic explosives
1.3.4 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one
1.4 Predicting environmental behaviour of explosives
1.4.3 Transformation and reaction processes
2 Characterization of soils on military training ranges
2.3 Steps in the multi-increment sampling process
2.3.4 Data evaluation and inference
2.4.4 Minimizing sampling error
2.5.3 Sources of error (see section 2.4)
2.6 Sampling on snow and ice—a special case
2.7 Sample processing and analysis
2.7.1 How to process multi-increment soil samples to determine energetics
2.7.2 Summary of the sources of error
3 Hydrologeological characterization of military training ranges and production of maps for land management
3.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Preparation of drilling sites and safety procedures
3.1.3 Drilling methods and cleaning procedures
3.1.6 Water level measurements
3.1.7 Well purging and groundwater sampling
3.1.8 Analytical methods and quality control
3.1.9 Hydraulic conductivity testing (slug tests)
3.2 Production of maps for land management of range training areas
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.5 Vulnerability of potential receptors
4 Analysis of explosives in the environment
4.2 Detection and chemical analysis of explosives
4.2.1 Spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques
4.2.2 Chromatographic techniques
5 Environmental management of military ranges with the support of a life-cycle assessment approach
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Life-cycle assessment methodology
5.3 Life-cycle assessment of the use of ammunition in military ranges
5.3.1 Description of the generic munition and inventory
5.4 Discussion of the application of life-cycle assessment methodology to manage military ranges
6 Hazard assessment of exposure to ammunition-related constituents and combustion products
6.2 Approaches to performing experiments, analyses and evaluations
6.2.1 In silico prediction of emitted products
6.2.2 Laboratory and field testing
6.3 Hazard assessment and evaluation
6.3.1 General background/desktop approaches
6.4 Recommendations and way forward
6.4.1 Prediction of emitted products
6.4.2 Recommendations for experimental setup and analysis
6.4.3 Developments in toxicity assessment
7 Review of remediation technologies for energetics contamination in the US
7.2.1 Analysis of energetic materials in environmental media
7.2.2 Toxicology summary for energetic materials
7.2.3 Development of risk screening levels (RSLs) for energetic materials in soils and groundwater
7.3 Remedial technologies for energetic materials and co-contaminants
7.3.1 Development and scale-up of remediation technologies
7.3.4 Ex situ and in situ biological/chemical reduction—DARAMEND process
7.3.5 Alkaline hydrolysis (AH)
7.3.6 Solidification/stabilization (S/S)
7.3.7 Pump and treat w/granular activated carbon (GAC)
7.3.8 In situ bioremediation (ISB)
7.4 Conclusions and further work
8 Characterization and monitoring of energetic compounds on training ranges: case studies in Alaska, United States
8.4.3 Fate and transport on ranges
9 Heavy metal contamination on small arms shooting ranges
9.2 Methods for contaminated site management
9.2.1 Historical investigation
9.3 Pollutant management techniques
9.3.1 Improve construction properties of artificial backstops
9.3.4 Adapt military training exercises to the terrain
9.3.5 Correct maintenance and appropriate use of shooting ranges
9.4 Case study shooting range, Flumserberg, Switzerland
10 Metal and energetics survey of the Borris shooting range, Denmark
10.2 History of Borris shooting range
10.3.1 Background
10.5.1 Artillery firing position
10.5.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant
10.6.1 Artillery firing position
10.6.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant
10.7.1 Artillery firing position
10.7.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant
11 Mitigation of the environmental footprint of a munition
11.2.1 Introduction
11.2.2 Field demilitarization method for excess gun propellants/Canadian fixed tool
11.3.1 Canadian bullet catcher
11.4 The development of reactive membranes for adsorption of heavy metals and energetic materials
11.4.1 Introduction
11.5.1 Introduction
11.5.2 Testing of remediation technologies
12 Environmental assessment at a Brazilian Army site
12.2.3 Polluting materials from ammunition detonation
12.2.6 Propagation of shock waves
13 Bushfire management (Australia)
13.2 Outline of the Defence Estate
13.3 Defence bushfire management policy
13.4 Case study Marrangaroo/State Mine Fire 2013
13.4.1 Implementations of automatic weather stations
13.4.2 Memorandum of understanding agreements
13.4.3 Wildfire competency for range control officers
13.5 Service delivery model for bushfire management
13.6 Bushfire Management Yampi Sound Training Area
14 Greener or insensitive munitions: selecting the best option
