Читать книгу The 1994 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 10

Оглавление

@Algeria, Communications

Railroads:

4,060 km total; 2,616 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,188 km

1.055-meter gauge, 256 km 1.000-meter gauge; 300 km electrified; 215

km double track

Highways:

total:

90,031 km

paved:

concrete, bituminous 58,868 km

unpaved:

gravel, crushed stone, earth 31,163 km (1990)

Pipelines:

crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural gas 2,948 km

Ports:

Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Ghazaouet, Jijel, Mers el

Kebir, Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda

Merchant marine:

75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 903,179 GRT/1,064,211 DWT, bulk

9, cargo 27, chemical tanker 7, liquefied gas 9, oil tanker 5,

roll-on/roll-off cargo 12, short-sea passenger 5, specialized tanker 1

Airports:

total:

140

usable:

124

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

excellent domestic and international service in the north, sparse in

the south; 822,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, no FM, 18

TV; 1,600,000 TV sets; 5,200,000 radios; 5 submarine cables; microwave

radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial

cable to Morocco and Tunisia; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic

Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, l ARABSAT,

and 12 domestic; 20 additional satellite earth stations are planned

@Algeria, Defense Forces

Branches:

National Popular Army, Navy, Air Force, Territorial Air Defense

Manpower availability:

males age 15–49 6,863,378; fit for military service 4,215,767; reach

military age (19) annually 301,945 (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $1.36 billion, 2.5% of GDP (1993 est.)

@American Samoa

Header

Affiliation: (territory of the US)

@American Samoa, Geography

Location:

Oceania, Polynesia, in the South Pacific Ocean, 3,700 km

south-southwest of Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and New

Zealand

Map references:

Oceania

Area:

total area:

199 sq km

land area:

199 sq km

comparative area:

slightly larger than Washington, DC

note:

includes Rose Island and Swains Island

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

116 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

24 nm

continental shelf:

200-m depth or to depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall

averages 124 inches; rainy season from November to April, dry season

from May to October; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal plains,

two coral atolls (Rose Island, Swains Island)

Natural resources:

pumice, pumicite

Land use:

arable land:

10%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

75%

other:

10%

Irrigated land:

NA sq km

Environment:

rent issues:

ural hazards:

typhoons common from December to March

ernational agreements:

Note:

Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the South

Pacific Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by

peripheral mountains from high winds; strategic location in the South

Pacific Ocean

@American Samoa, People

Population:

55,223 (July 1994 est.)

Population growth rate:

3.86% (1994 est.)

Birth rate:

36.63 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Death rate:

4.01 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Net migration rate:

6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

18.78 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

Total population:

72.91 years

male:

71.03 years

female:

74.85 years (1994 est.)

Total fertility rate:

4.36 children born/woman (1994 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

American Samoan(s)

adjective:

American Samoan

Ethnic divisions:

Samoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%, other 5%

Religions:

Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%, Protestant

denominations and other 30%

Languages:

Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages),

English; most people are bilingual

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

total population:

97%

male:

97%

female:

97%

Labor force:

14,400 (1990)

by occupation:

government 33%, tuna canneries 34%, other 33% (1990)

@American Samoa, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Territory of American Samoa

conventional short form:

American Samoa

Abbreviation:

Digraph:

Type:

unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US; administered by

the US Department of Interior, Office of Territorial and International

Affairs

Capital:

Pago Pago

Administrative divisions:

none (territory of the US)

Independence:

none (territory of the US)

National holiday:

Territorial Flag Day, 17 April (1900)

Constitution:

ratified 1966, in effect 1967

Legal system:

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state:

President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice

President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993)

head of government:

Governor A. P. LUTALI (since 3 January 1993); Lieutenant Governor

Tauese P. SUNIA (since 3 January 1993); election last held 3 November

1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - A. P. LUTALI

(Democrat) 53%, Peter Tali COLEMAN (Republican) 36%

Legislative branch:

bicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono)

House of Representatives:

elections last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November

1994); results - representatives popularly elected from 17 house

districts; seats - (21 total, 20 elected, and 1 nonvoting delegate

from Swains Island)

Senate:

elections last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November

1996); results - senators elected by village chiefs from 12 senate

districts; seats - (18 total) number of seats by party NA

US House of Representatives:

elections last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November

1994); results - Eni R. F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA reelected as delegate

Judicial branch:

High Court

Political parties and leaders:

Member of:

ESCAP (associate), INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC, SPC

Diplomatic representation in US:

none (territory of the US)

US diplomatic representation:

none (territory of the US)

Flag:

blue with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side

and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle

flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan

symbols of authority, a staff and a war club

@American Samoa, Economy

Overview:

Economic activity is strongly linked to the US, with which American

Samoa conducts 80%-90% of its foreign trade. Tuna fishing and tuna

processing plants are the backbone of the private sector, with canned

tuna the primary export. The tuna canneries and the government are by

far the two largest employers. Other economic activities include a

slowly developing tourist industry. Transfers from the US Government

add substantially to American Samoa's economic well-being.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $128 million (1991)

National product real growth rate:

NA%

National product per capita:

$2,600 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

7% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

12% (1991)

Budget:

revenues:

$97 million (includes $43,000,000 in local revenue and $54,000,000 in

grant revenue);

expenditures:

$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY91)

Exports:

$306 million (f.o.b., 1989)

commodities:

canned tuna 93%

partners:

US 99.6%

Imports:

$360.3 million (c.i.f., 1989)

commodities:

materials for canneries 56%, food 8%, petroleum products 7%, machinery

and parts 6%

partners:

US 62%, Japan 9%, NZ 7%, Australia 11%, Fiji 4%, other 7%

External debt:

$NA

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%

Electricity:

capacity:

42,000 kW

production:

100 million kWh

consumption per capita:

2,020 kWh (1990)

Industries:

tuna canneries (largely dependent on foreign fishing vessels), meat

canning, handicrafts

Agriculture:

bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit, yams, copra,

pineapples, papayas, dairy farming

Economic aid:

recipient:

$21,042,650 in operational funds and $1,227,000 in construction funds

for capital improvement projects from the US Department of Interior

(1991)

Currency:

1 United States dollar = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

US currency is used

Fiscal year:

1 October - 30 September

@American Samoa, Communications

Railroads:

none

Highways:

total:

350 km

paved:

150 km

unpaved:

200 km

Ports:

Pago Pago, Ta'u, Ofu, Auasi, Aanu'u (new construction), Faleosao

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m:

1 (international airport at Tafuna)

with runways 1,200 to 2,439 m:

note:

small airstrips on Fituita and Ofu

Telecommunications:

8,399 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; good telex,

telegraph, and facsimile services; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth

station, 1 COMSAT earth station

@American Samoa, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of the US

@Andorra, Geography

Location: Southwestern Europe, between France and Spain Map references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 450 sq km land area: 450 sq km comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: total 125 km, France 60 km, Spain 65 km Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none; landlocked International disputes: none Climate: temperate; snowy, cold winters and cool, dry summers Terrain: rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys Natural resources: hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead Land use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 56% forest and woodland: 22% other: 20% Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: current issues: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion natural hazards: NA international agreements: NA Note: landlocked

@Andorra, People

Population: 63,930 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 2.99% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 13.34 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 7.12 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 23.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 7.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 78.37 years male: 75.5 years female: 81.5 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.73 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Andorran(s) adjective: Andorran Ethnic divisions: Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3% Religions: Roman Catholic (predominant) Languages: Catalan (official), French, Castilian Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% Labor force: NA

@Andorra, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Principality of Andorra

conventional short form:

Andorra

local long form:

Principat d'Andorra

local short form:

Andorra

Digraph:

Type:

parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains as its heads

of state a co-principality; the two princes are the president of

France and Spanish bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally

by officials called veguers

Capital:

Andorra la Vella

Administrative divisions:

7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra, Canillo,

Encamp, La Massana, Les Escaldes, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria

Independence:

1278

National holiday:

Mare de Deu de Meritxell, 8 September

Constitution:

Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; adopted 14

March 1993

Legal system:

based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review of

legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:

18 years of age, universal

Executive branch:

chiefs of state:

French Co-Prince Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981), represented

by Veguer de Franca Jean Pierre COURTOIS (since NA); Spanish Episcopal

Co-Prince Mgr. Juan MARTI Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented

by Veguer Episcopal Francesc BADIA Bata - two co-princes (President

Francois MITTERRAND of France, since 21 May 1981, and Bishop of Seo de

Urgel Juan MARTI Alanis in Spain, since 31 January 1971), two

designated representatives (France - Veguer de Franca Jean Pierre

COURTOIS, since NA, and Spain - Veguer Episcopal Francesc BADIA Bata,

since NA), two permanent delegates (French Prefect Pierre STEINMETZ

for the department of Pyrenees-Orientales, since NA, and Spanish Vicar

General Nemesi MARQUES Oste for the Seo de Urgel diocese, since NA)

head of government:

Executive Council President Oscar RIBAS Reig (since 10 December 1993)

elected by Parliament

cabinet:

Executive Council; designated by the executive council president

Legislative branch:

unicameral

General Council of the Valleys:

(Consell General de las Valls); elections last held 12 December 1993

(next to be held NA); yielded no clear winner; results - percent of

vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) number of seats by party NA

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan (France) for civil cases, the

Ecclesiastical Court of the bishop of Seo de Urgel (Spain) for civil

cases, Tribunal of the Courts (Tribunal des Cortes) for criminal cases

Political parties and leaders:

National Democratic Group (AND), Oscar RIBAS Reig and Jordi FARRAS;

Liberal Union (UL), Francesc CERQUEDA; New Democracy (ND), Jaume

BARTOMEU; Andorran National Coalition (CNA), Antoni CERQUEDA; National

Democratic Initiative (IDN), Vincenc MATEU; Liberal Union (UL),

Francesc CERQUEDA

note:

there are two other small parties

Member of:

ECE, INTERPOL, IOC, UN

Diplomatic representation in US:

Andorra has no mission in the US

US diplomatic representation:

Andorra is included within the Barcelona (Spain) Consular District,

and the US Consul General visits Andorra periodically

Flag:

three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red with

the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of

arms features a quartered shield; similar to the flags of Chad and

Romania that do not have a national coat of arms in the center

@Andorra, Economy

Overview:

Tourism, the mainstay of Andorra's economy, accounts for roughly 80%

of GDP. An estimated 13 million tourists visit annually, attracted by

Andorra's duty-free status and by its summer and winter resorts. The

banking sector, with its "tax haven" status, also contributes

substantially to the economy. Agricultural production is limited by a

scarcity of arable land, and most food has to be imported. The

principal livestock activity is sheep raising. Manufacturing consists

mainly of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. Andorra is a member of

the EU Customs Union; it is unclear what effect the European Single

Market will have on the advantages Andorra obtains from its duty-free

status.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $760 million (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

NA%

National product per capita:

$14,000 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

NA%

Unemployment rate:

Budget:

revenues:

$138 million

expenditures:

$177 million, Including capital expenditures of $NA (1993)

Exports:

$30 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)

commodities:

electricity, tobacco products, furniture

partners:

France, Spain

Imports:

$NA

commodities:

consumer goods, food

partners:

France, Spain

External debt:

$NA

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%

Electricity:

capacity:

35,000 kW

production:

140 million kWh

consumption per capita:

2,570 kWh (1992)

Industries:

tourism (particularly skiing), sheep, timber, tobacco, banking

Agriculture:

sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats,

and some vegetables

Economic aid:

none

Currency:

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes; 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos; the

French and Spanish currencies are used

Exchange rates:

French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.9205 (January 1994), 5.6632 (1993),

5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989); Spanish

pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 143.04 (January 1994), 127.26 (1993), 102.38

(1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 (1990), 118.38 (1989)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

@Andorra, Communications

Highways:

total:

96 km

paved:

unpaved:

Telecommunications:

international digital microwave network; international landline

circuits to France and Spain; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV;

17,700 telephones

@Andorra, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of France and Spain

@Angola, Geography

Location:

Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Namibia

and Zaire

Map references:

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

1,246,700 sq km

land area:

1,246,700 sq km

comparative area:

slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries:

total 5,198 km, Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zaire 2,511 km, Zambia

1,110 km

Coastline:

1,600 km

Maritime claims:

exclusive fishing zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

20 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry

season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)

Terrain:

narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau

Natural resources:

petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold,

bauxite, uranium

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

23%

forest and woodland:

43%

other:

32%

Irrigated land:

NA km2

Environment:

current issues:

population pressures contributing to overuse of pastures and

subsequent soil erosion; desertification; deforestation of tropical

rain forest attributable to the international demand for tropical

timber and domestic use as a fuel; deforestation contributing to loss

of biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution and

siltation of rivers and dams; scarcity of potable water

natural hazards:

locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau

international agreements:

party to - Law of the Sea; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity,

Climate Change

Note:

Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire

@Angola, People

Population: 9,803,576 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 2.67% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 45.43 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 18.55 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: −0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 145.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 45.77 years male: 43.72 years female: 47.92 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 6.48 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Angolan(s) adjective: Angolan Ethnic divisions: Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% Religions: indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (est.) Languages: Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 42% male: 56% female: 28% Labor force: 2.783 million economically active by occupation: agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.)

@Angola, Government

Note:

Civil war has been the norm since independence on 11 November 1975; a

cease-fire lasted from 31 May 1991 until October 1992 when the

insurgent National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)

refused to accept its defeat in internationally monitored elections;

fighting has since resumed throughout much of the countryside.

Nevertheless, the two sides are negotiating the details for holding

the second round of presidential elections.

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Angola

conventional short form:

Angola

local long form:

Republica de Angola

local short form:

Angola

former:

People's Republic of Angola

Digraph:

Type:

transitional government nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong

presidential system

Capital:

Luanda

Administrative divisions:

18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie,

Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo,

Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige,

Zaire

Independence:

11 November 1975 (from Portugal)

National holiday:

Independence Day, 11 November (1975)

Constitution:

11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6 March

1991, and 26 August 1992

Legal system:

based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently

modified to accommodate political pluralism and increased use of free

markets

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state:

President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979)

head of government:

Prime Minister Marcolino Jose Carlos MOCO (since 2 December 1992)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers; appointed by the president

Legislative branch:

unicameral

National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional):

first nationwide, multiparty elections were held 29–30 September 1992

with disputed results; further elections are being discussed

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacao)

Political parties and leaders:

Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose

Eduardo DOS SANTOS, is the ruling party and has been in power since

1975; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led

by Jonas SAVIMBI, remains a legal party despite its return to armed

resistance to the government; five minor parties have small numbers of

seats in the National Assembly

Other political or pressure groups:

Cabindan State Liberation Front (FLEC), N'ZITA Tiago, leader of

largest faction (FLEC-FAC)

note:

FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed struggle for

the independence of Cabinda Province

Member of:

ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO,

IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU,

LORCS, NAM, OAS (observer), OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,

WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Jose PATRICIO

embassy:

1899 L Street NW, 5th floor, Washington, DC 20038

telephone:

(202) 785–1156

FAX:

(202) 785–1258

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Edmund DE JARNETTE

embassy:

Miramar, Luanda

mailing address:

CP6484, Luanda, Angola (mail international); US Embassy, Luanda,

Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20521–2550 (pouch)

telephone:

[244] (2) 39–24-98

FAX:

[244] (2) 39–05-15

Flag:

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered

yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel

crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)

@Angola, Economy

Overview:

Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 80–90% of the

population but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil production is

vital to the economy, contributing about 60% to GDP. Bitter internal

fighting continues to severely affect the economy, and food must be

imported. In 1993, production fell by an estimated 22.6%, mainly

because of the capture by insurgents of the oil town of Soyo and

diamond-producing areas in northeastern Angola. Angola has rich

natural resources - notably gold, diamonds, and arable land, in

addition to large oil depoaits - but will need to end the war and

reform government policies if it is to achieve its potential.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $5.7 billion (1993 est.)

National product real growth rate:

−22.6% (1993 est.)

National product per capita:

$600 (1993 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

1,840% (1993 est.)

Unemployment rate:

15% with considerable underemployment (1993 est.)

Budget:

revenues:

$928 million

expenditures:

$2.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $963 million (1992

est.)

Exports:

$3 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)

commodities:

oil, diamonds, refined petroleum products, gas, coffee, sisal, fish

and fish products, timber, cotton

partners:

US, France, Germany, Netherlands, Brazil

Imports:

$1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

commodities:

capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), food, vehicles

and spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; substantial

military deliveries

partners:

Portugal, Brazil, US, France, Spain

External debt:

$8 billion (1993 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60% of GDP, including petroleum

output

Electricity:

capacity:

510,000 kW

production:

800 million kWh

consumption per capita:

84 kWh (1991)

Industries:

petroleum; mining - diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite,

uranium, and gold; fish processing; food processing; brewing; tobacco;

sugar; textiles; cement; basic metal products

Agriculture:

cash crops - bananas, sugar cane, coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, cane,

manioc, tobacco; food crops - cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains ;

livestock production accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry 2% of

total agricultural output; disruptions caused by civil war, and

marketing deficiencies require food imports

Economic aid:

recipient:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70–89), $265 million; Western

(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970–89),

$1.105 billion; Communist countries (1970–89), $1.3 billion; net

official disbursements (1985–89), $750 million

Currency:

1 new kwanza (NKz) = 100 lwei

Exchange rates:

kwanza (Kz) per US$1 - 90,000 (official rate 1June 1994), 180,000

(black market rate 1 June 1994); 7,000 (official rate 16 December

1993), 50,000 (black market rate 16 December 1993); 3,884 (July 1993);

550 (April 1992); 90 (November 1991); 60 (October 1990)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

@Angola, Communications

Railroads:

3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge;

limited trackage in use because of landmines still in place from the

civil war; majority of the Benguela Railroad also closed because of

civil war

Highways:

total:

73,828 km

paved:

bituminous-surface 8,577 km

unpaved:

crushed stone, gravel, improved earth 29,350 km; unimproved earth

35,901 km

Inland waterways:

1,295 km navigable

Pipelines:

crude oil 179 km

Ports:

Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda

Merchant marine:

12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 63,776 GRT/99,863 DWT, cargo 11,

oil tanker 1

Airports:

total:

302

usable:

175

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

limited system of wire, microwave radio relay, and troposcatter

routes; high frequency radio used extensively for military links;

telephone service limited mostly to government and business use;

40,300 telephones (4.1 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast

stations - 17 AM, 13 FM, 6 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth

stations

@Angola, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense, People's Defense Organization and

Territorial Troops,

Manpower availability:

males age 15–49 2,262,669; fit for military service 1,139,319; reach

military age (18) annually 96,900 (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures:

$NA, NA% of GDP

@Anguilla

Header

Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)

@Anguilla, Geography

Location: Caribbean, in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 270 km east of Puerto Rico Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total area: 91 sq km land area: 91 sq km comparative area: about half the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 61 km Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds Terrain: flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone Natural resources: negligible; salt, fish, lobster Land use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA% (mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, some commercial salt ponds) Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: frequent hurricanes and other tropical storms (July to October) international agreements: NA

@Anguilla, People

Population: 7,052 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 0.67% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 24.25 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 8.08 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: −9.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 17.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.99 years male: 71.21 years female: 76.8 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.07 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Anguillan(s) adjective: Anguillan Ethnic divisions: black African Religions: Anglican 40%, Methodist 33%, Seventh-Day Adventist 7%, Baptist 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, other 12% Languages: English (official) Literacy: age 12 and over can read and write (1984) total population: 95% male: 95% female: 95% Labor force: 2,780 (1984) by occupation: NA

@Anguilla, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Anguilla

Digraph:

Type:

dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

The Valley

Administrative divisions:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

Independence:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

National holiday:

Anguilla Day, 30 May

Constitution:

Anguilla Constitutional Orders 1 April 1982; amended 1990

Legal system:

based on English common law

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor

Alan W. SHAVE (since 14 August 1992)

head of government:

Chief Minister Hubert HUGHES (since 16 March 1994)

cabinet:

Executive Council; appointed by the governor from the elected members

of the House of Assembly

Legislative branch:

unicameral

House of Assembly:

elections last held 16 March 1994 (next to be held March 1999);

results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected)

ANA 2, AUP 2, ADP 2, independent 1

Judicial branch:

High Court

Political parties and leaders:

Anguilla National Alliance (ANA); Anguilla United Party (AUP), Hubert

HUGHES; Anguilla Democratic Party (ADP), Victor BANKS

Member of:

CARICOM (observer), CDB, INTERPOL (subbureau)

Diplomatic representation in US:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

US diplomatic representation:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

Flag:

two horizontal bands of white (top, almost triple width) and light

blue with three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design

centered in the white band; a new flag may have been in use since 30

May 1990

@Anguilla, Economy

Overview:

Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends heavily on

lobster fishing, offshore banking, tourism, and remittances from

emigrants. In recent years the economy has benefited from a boom in

tourism and construction. Development plans center around the

improvement of the infrastructure, particularly transport and tourist

facilities, and also light industry.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $56.5 million (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

7.5% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$6,800 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

3% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

5% (1988 est.)

Budget:

revenues:

$13.8 million

expenditures:

$15.2 million, including capital expenditures of $2.4 million (1992

est.)

Exports:

$556,000 (f.o.b., 1992)

commodities:

lobster and salt

partners:

Imports:

$33.5 million (f.o.b., 1992)

commodities:

partners:

External debt:

$NA

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%

Electricity:

capacity:

2,000 kW

production:

6 million kWh

consumption per capita:

862 kWh (1992)

Industries:

tourism, boat building, salt

Agriculture:

pigeon peas, corn, sweet potatoes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle,

poultry, fishing (including lobster)

Economic aid:

recipient:

Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments

(1970–89), $38 million

Currency:

1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

Fiscal year:

@Anguilla, Communications

Highways:

total:

paved:

60 km

unpaved:

Ports:

Road Bay, Blowing Point

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

1 (1,000 m at Wallblake Airport)

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

modern internal telephone system; 890 telephones; broadcast stations -

3 AM, 1 FM, no TV; radio relay microwave link to island of Saint

Martin

@Anguilla, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

@Antarctica, Geography

Location: continent mostly south of the Antarctic Circle Map references: Antarctic Region Area: total area: 14 million sq km (est.) land area: 14 million sq km (est.) comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US note: second-smallest continent (after Australia) Land boundaries: none, but see entry on International disputes Coastline: 17,968 km Maritime claims: none, but see entry on International Disputes International disputes: Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary below); sections (some overlapping) claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France (Adelie Land), New Zealand (Ross Dependency), Norway (Queen Maud Land), and UK; the US and most other nations do not recognize the territorial claims of other nations and have made no claims themselves (the US reserves the right to do so); no formal claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west Climate: severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing Terrain: about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 4,897 meters high; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and parts of Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, and floating ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent Natural resources: none presently exploited; iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small, uncommercial quantities Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% (ice 98%, barren rock 2%) Irrigated land: 0 sq km Environment: current issues: in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield, which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had dwindled to the lowest level recorded over Antarctica since 1975 when measurements were first taken natural hazards: katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak international agreements: NA Note: the coldest, windiest, highest, and driest continent; during summer more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period; mostly uninhabitable

@Antarctica, People

Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are seasonally staffed research stations Summer (January) population: over 4,115 total; Argentina 207, Australia 268, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Chile 256, China NA, Ecuador NA, Finland 11, France 78, Germany 32, Greenpeace 12, India 60, Italy 210, Japan 59, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, NZ 264, Norway 23, Peru 39, Poland NA, South Africa 79, Spain 43, Sweden 10, UK 116, Uruguay NA, US 1,666, former USSR 565 (1989–90) Winter (July) population: over 1,046 total; Argentina 150, Australia 71, Brazil 12, Chile 73, China NA, France 33, Germany 19, Greenpeace 5, India 1, Japan 38, South Korea 14, NZ 11, Poland NA, South Africa 12, UK 69, Uruguay NA, US 225, former USSR 313 (1989–90) Year-round stations: 42 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 3, China 2, Finland 1, France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 2, South Korea 1, NZ 1, Poland 1, South Africa 3, UK 5, Uruguay 1, US 3, former USSR 6 (1990–91) Summer only stations: over 38 total; Argentina 7, Australia 3, Chile 5, Germany 3, India 1, Italy 1, Japan 4, NZ 2, Norway 1, Peru 1, South Africa 1, Spain 1, Sweden 2, UK 1, US numerous, former USSR 5 (1989–90); note - the disintegration of the former USSR has placed the status and future of its Antarctic facilities in doubt; stations may be subject to closings at any time because of ongoing economic difficulties Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Antarctica Digraph: AY Type: Antarctic Treaty Summary: The Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica. Administration is carried out through consultative member meetings - the 18th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting was in Japan in April 1993. Currently, there are 42 treaty member nations: 26 consultative and 16 acceding. Consultative (voting) members include the seven nations that claim portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and 19 nonclaimant nations. The US and some other nations that have made no claims have reserved the right to do so. The US does not recognize the claims of others. The year in parentheses indicates when an acceding nation was voted to full consultative (voting) status, while no date indicates the country was an original 1959 treaty signatory. Claimant nations are - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant consultative nations are - Belgium, Brazil (1983), China (1985), Ecuador (1990), Finland (1989), Germany (1981), India (1983), Italy (1987), Japan, South Korea (1989), Netherlands (1990), Peru (1989), Poland (1977), South Africa, Spain (1988), Sweden (1988), Uruguay (1985), the US, and Russia. Acceding (nonvoting) members, with year of accession in parentheses, are - Austria (1987), Bulgaria (1978), Canada (1988), Colombia (1988), Cuba (1984), Czech Republic (1993), Denmark (1965), Greece (1987), Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Romania (1971), Slovakia (1993), Switzerland (1990), and Ukraine (1992). Article 1: area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose Article 2: freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue Article 3: free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation with the UN and other international agencies Article 4: does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force Article 5: prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes Article 6: includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south Article 7: treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance notice of all activities and of the introduction of military personnel must be given Article 8: allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states Article 9: frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations Article 10: treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty Article 11: disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the ICJ Article 12, 13, 14: deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved nations Other agreements: more than 170 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964); Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 but was subsequently rejected; in 1991 the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed and awaits ratification; this agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through five specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna, and flora, environmental impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas; it also prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research; nine parties have ratified Protocol as of April 1994 Legal system: US law, including certain criminal offenses by or against US nationals, such as murder, may apply to areas not under jurisdiction of other countries. Some US laws directly apply to Antarctica. For example, the Antarctic Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. section 2401 et seq., provides civil and criminal penalties for the following activities, unless authorized by regulation of statute: The taking of native mammals or birds; the introduction of nonindigenous plants and animals; entry into specially protected or scientific areas; the discharge or disposal of pollutants; and the importation into the US of certain items from Antarctica. Violation of the Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up to $10,000 in fines and 1 year in prison. The Departments of Treasury, Commerce, Transportation, and Interior share enforcement responsibilities. Public Law 95–541, the US Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, requires expeditions from the US to Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs, Room 5801, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such plans to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty. For more information contact Permit Office, Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia 22230 (703–306-1031). Overview: No economic activity at present except for fishing off the coast and small-scale tourism, both based abroad.

@Antarctica, Communications

Ports:

none; offshore anchorage only at most coastal stations

Airports:

42 landing facilities at different locations operated by 15 national

governments party to the Treaty; one additional air facility operated

by commercial (nongovernmental) tourist organization; helicopter pads

at 28 of these locations; runways at 10 locations are gravel, sea ice,

glacier ice, or compacted snow surface suitable for wheeled fixed-wing

aircraft; no paved runways; 16 locations have snow-surface skiways

limited to use by ski-equipped planes—11 runways/skiways 1,000 to

3,000 m, 3 runways/skiways less than 1,000 m, 5 runways/skiways

greater than 3,000 m, and 7 of unspecified or variable length;

airports generally subject to severe restrictions and limitations

resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic conditions; airports do

not meet ICAO standards; advance approval from the respective

governmental or non-governmental operating organization required for

landing

@Antarctica, Defense Forces

Note:

the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military nature, such

as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the

carrying out of military maneuvers, or the testing of any type of

weapon; it permits the use of military personnel or equipment for

scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes

@Antigua and Barbuda, Geography

Location:

Caribbean, in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 420 km east-southeast

of Puerto Rico

Map references:

Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

440 sq km

land area:

440 sq km

comparative area:

slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

note:

includes Redonda

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

153 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

24 nm

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands with some higher volcanic

areas

Natural resources:

negligible; pleasant climate fosters tourism

Land use:

arable land:

18%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

16%

other:

59%

Irrigated land:

NA sq km

Environment:

current issues:

insufficient freshwater resources

natural hazards:

subject to hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October)

international agreements:

party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Whaling

@Antigua and Barbuda, People

Population: 64,762 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 0.59% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 17.31 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 5.44 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: −5.93 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 18.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.11 years male: 71.07 years female: 75.26 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.67 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s) adjective: Antiguan, Barbudan Ethnic divisions: black African, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian Religions: Anglican (predominant), other Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic Languages: English (official), local dialects Literacy: age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years of schooling (1960) total population: 89% male: 90% female: 88% Labor force: 30,000 by occupation: commerce and services 82%, agriculture 11%, industry 7% (1983)

@Antigua and Barbuda, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Antigua and Barbuda

Digraph:

Type:

parliamentary democracy

Capital:

Saint John's

Administrative divisions:

6 parishes and 2 dependencies*; Barbuda*, Redonda*, Saint George,

Saint John, Saint Mary, Saint Paul, Saint Peter, Saint Philip

Independence:

1 November 1981 (from UK)

National holiday:

Independence Day, 1 November (1981)

Constitution:

1 November 1981

Legal system:

based on English common law

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor

General James B. CARLISLE (since NA 1993)

head of government:

Prime Minister Lester Bryant BIRD (since 8 March 1994)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers; appointed by the governor general on the advice

of the prime minister

Legislative branch:

bicameral Parliament

Senate:

17 member body appointed by the governor general

House of Representatives:

elections last held 8 March 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); results -

percent of vote by party NA; seats - (17 total) ALP 11, UPP 5,

independent 1

Judicial branch:

Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:

Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Lester Bryant BIRD; United Progressive

Party (UPP), Baldwin SPENCER

Other political or pressure groups:

United Progressive Party (UPP), headed by Baldwin SPENCER, a coalition

of three opposition political parties - the United National Democratic

Party (UNDP); the Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement (ACLM); and

the Progressive Labor Movement (PLM); Antigua Trades and Labor Union

(ATLU), headed by Noel THOMAS

Member of:

ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD,

IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,

LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WCL,

WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Patrick Albert LEWIS

chancery:

Suite 4M, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 362–5211 or 5166, 5122

FAX:

(202) 362–5225

consulate(s) general:

Miami

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda,

and, in his absence, the Embassy is headed by Charge d'Affaires Bryant

J. SALTER

embassy:

Queen Elizabeth Highway, Saint John's

mailing address:

FPO AA 34054–0001

telephone:

(809) 462–3505 or 3506

FAX:

(809) 462–3516

Flag:

red with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the

flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top),

light blue, and white with a yellow rising sun in the black band

@Antigua and Barbuda, Economy

Overview:

The economy is primarily service oriented, with tourism the most

important determinant of economic performance. During the period

1986–91, real GDP expanded at an annual average rate of about 6%.

Tourism makes a direct contribution to GDP of about 13% and also

affects growth in other sectors - particularly in construction,

communications, and public utilities. In 1992, reduced government

capital spending and private sector investment, dampened by recession

in the major world economies, slowed economic growth.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $368.5 million (1993 est.)

National product real growth rate:

National product per capita:

$5,800 (1993 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

7% (1993)

Unemployment rate:

5% (1988 est.)

Budget:

revenues:

$105 million

expenditures:

$161 million, including capital expenditures of $56 million (1992)

Exports:

$54.7 million (f.o.b., 1992)

commodities:

petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%, food and live animals 4%,

machinery and transport equipment 17%

partners:

OECS 26%, Barbados 15%, Guyana 4%, Trinidad and Tobago 2%, US 0.3%

Imports:

$260.9 million (f.o.b., 1992)

commodities:

food and live animals, machinery and transport equipment,

manufactures, chemicals, oil

partners:

US 27%, UK 16%, Canada 4%, OECS 3%, other 50%

External debt:

$250 million (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate 3% (1989 est.); accounts for 8% of GDP

Electricity:

capacity:

52,100 kW

production:

95 million kWh

consumption per capita:

1,482 kWh (1992)

Industries:

tourism, construction, light manufacturing (clothing, alcohol,

household appliances)

Agriculture:

accounts for 4% of GDP; expanding output of cotton, fruits,

vegetables, and livestock; other crops - bananas, coconuts, cucumbers,

mangoes, sugarcane; not self-sufficient in food

Economic aid:

recipient:

US commitments (1985–88), $10 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA

and OOF bilateral commitments (1970–89), $50 million

Currency:

1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

Fiscal year:

1 April - 31 March

@Antigua and Barbuda, Communications

Railroads:

64 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge and 13 km 0.610-meter gauge used almost

exclusively for handling sugarcane

Highways:

total:

240 km

paved:

unpaved:

Ports:

Saint John's

Merchant marine:

227 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 849,699 GRT/1,218,492 DWT, bulk

4, cargo 156, chemical tanker 11, container 37, liquified gas 2, oil

tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 4, roll-on/roll-off cargo 11

note:

a flag of convenience registry

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

good automatic telephone system; 6,700 telephones; tropospheric

scatter links with Saba and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 2

FM, 2 TV, 2 shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean

INTELSAT earth station

@Antigua and Barbuda, Defense Forces

Branches:

Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda

Police Force (including the Coast Guard)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, 1% of GDP (FY90/91)

@Arctic Ocean, Geography

Location:

body of water mostly north of the Arctic Circle

Map references:

Arctic Region, Asia, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

14.056 million sq km

comparative area:

slightly more than 1.5 times the size of the US; smallest of the

world's four oceans (after Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian

Ocean)

note:

includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East

Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea,

Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, and other tributary water bodies

Coastline:

45,389 km

International disputes:

some maritime disputes (see littoral states); Svalbard is the focus of

a maritime boundary dispute between Norway and Russia

Climate:

polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow

annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous

darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers

characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak

cyclones with rain or snow

Terrain:

central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that

averages about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be

three times that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral

Stream, but nearly straight line movement from the New Siberian

Islands (Russia) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland);

the ice pack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more

than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling

land masses; the ocean floor is about 50% continental shelf (highest

percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a central basin

interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen

Cordillera, and Lomonsov Ridge); maximum depth is 4,665 meters in the

Fram Basin

Natural resources:

sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil

and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)

Environment:

current issues:

endangered marine species include walruses and whales; fragile

ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or

damage

natural hazards:

ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island;

icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme

northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually icelocked from

October to June

international agreements:

Note:

major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the

Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); ships subject to superstructure

icing from October to May; strategic location between North America

and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and

western Russia, floating research stations operated by the US and

Russia; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20 to 50

centimeters over the frozen ocean and lasts about 10 months

@Arctic Ocean, Government

Digraph:

@Arctic Ocean, Economy

Overview:

Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources,

including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals.

@Arctic Ocean, Communications

Ports:

Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US)

Telecommunications:

no submarine cables

Note:

sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest

Passage (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Eurasia) are important

seasonal waterways

@Argentina, Geography

Location:

Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between

Chile and Uruguay

Map references:

South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

2,766,890 sq km

land area:

2,736,690 sq km

comparative area:

slightly less than three-tenths the size of the US

Land boundaries:

total 9,665 km, Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, Chile 5,150 km,

Paraguay 1,880 km, Uruguay 579 km

Coastline:

4,989 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

24 nm

continental shelf:

200-m depth or to depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:

not specified

territorial sea:

200 nm; overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm

International disputes:

short section of the boundary with Uruguay is in dispute; short

section of the boundary with Chile is indefinite; claims

British-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); claims

British-administered South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands;

territorial claim in Antarctica

Climate:

mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest

Terrain:

rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of

Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border

Natural resources:

fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore,

manganese, petroleum, uranium

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

52%

forest and woodland:

22%

other:

13%

Irrigated land:

17,600 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:

current issues:

erosion results from inadequate flood controls and improper land use

practices; irrigated soil degradation; desertification; air pollution

in Buenos Aires and other major cites; water pollution in urban areas;

rivers becoming polluted due to increased pesticide and fertilizer use

natural hazards:

Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to earthquakes;

pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the Pampas and

northeast; heavy flooding

international agreements:

party to - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Climate

Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous

Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Whaling; signed, but not ratfied - Biodiversity, Law of the

Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Note:

second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic

location relative to sea lanes between South Atlantic and South

Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)

@Argentina, People

Population: 33,912,994 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 1.12% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 19.62 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 8.63 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 29.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.35 years male: 68.06 years female: 74.81 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.68 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Argentine(s) adjective: Argentine Ethnic divisions: white 85%, mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite groups 15% Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 90% (less than 20% practicing), Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, other 6% Languages: Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 95% male: 96% female: 95% Labor force: 10.9 million by occupation: agriculture 12%, industry 31%, services 57% (1985 est.)

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