Читать книгу The 1994 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 18

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@Congo, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Police

Manpower availability:

males age 15–49 551,151; fit for military service 280,372; reach

military age (20) annually 24,441 (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures:

$NA, NA% of GDP

@Cook Islands

Header Affiliation: (free association with New Zealand)

@Cook Islands, Geography

Location: Oceania, Polynesia, 4,500 km south of Hawaii in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand Map references: Oceania Area: total area: 240 sq km land area: 240 sq km comparative area: slightly less than 1.3 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 120 km Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds Terrain: low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south Natural resources: negligible Land use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 22% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 74% Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: subject to typhoons (November to March) international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea

@Cook Islands, People

Population:

19,124 (July 1994 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.15% (1994 est.)

Birth rate:

23.22 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Death rate:

5.2 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Net migration rate:

−6.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

24.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

71.14 years

male:

69.2 years

female:

73.1 years (1994 est.)

Total fertility rate:

3.3 children born/woman (1994 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Cook Islander(s)

adjective:

Cook Islander

Ethnic divisions:

Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European 7.7%,

Polynesian and other 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9%

Religions:

Christian (majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian

Church)

Languages:

English (official), Maori

Literacy:

total population:

NA%

male:

NA%

female:

NA%

Labor force:

5,810

by occupation:

agriculture 29%, government 27%, services 25%, industry 15%, other 4%

(1981)

@Cook Islands, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Cook Islands

Digraph:

Type:

self-governing parliamentary government in free association with New

Zealand; Cook Islands is fully responsible for internal affairs; New

Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs, in consultation

with the Cook Islands

Capital:

Avarua

Administrative divisions:

none

Independence:

none (became self-governing in free association with New Zealand on 4

August 1965 and has the right at any time to move to full independence

by unilateral action)

National holiday:

Constitution Day, 4 August

Constitution:

4 August 1965

Legal system:

Suffrage:

universal adult at age NA

Executive branch:

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Representative of the

Queen Apenera SHORT (since NA); Representative of New Zealand Adrian

SINCOCK (since NA)

head of government:

Prime Minister Geoffrey HENRY (since 1 February 1989); Deputy Prime

Minister Inatio AKARURU (since 1 February 1989)

cabinet:

Cabinet; collectively responsible to the Parliament

Legislative branch:

unicameral

Parliament:

elections last held 24 March 1994 (next to be held NA); results -

percent of vote by party NA; seats - (25 total) Cook Islands Party 20,

Democratic Party 3, Alliance Party 2

note:

the House of Arikis (chiefs) advises on traditional matters, but has

no legislative powers

Judicial branch:

High Court

Political parties and leaders:

Cook Islands Party, Geoffrey HENRY; Democratic Party, Sir Thomas

DAVIS; Cook Islands Labor Party, Rena JONASSEN; Cook Islands People's

Party, Sadaraka SADARAKA; Alliance, Norman GEORGE

Member of:

AsDB, ESCAP (associate), ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, INTELSAT (nonsignatory

user), IOC, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand)

US diplomatic representation:

none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand)

Flag:

blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a

large circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island)

centered in the outer half of the flag

@Cook Islands, Economy

Overview:

Agriculture provides the economic base. The major export earners are

fruit, copra, and clothing. Manufacturing activities are limited to a

fruit-processing plant and several clothing factories. Economic

development is hindered by the isolation of the islands from foreign

markets and a lack of natural resources and good transportation links.

A large trade deficit is annually made up for by remittances from

emigrants and from foreign aid, largely from New Zealand. Current

economic development plans call for exploiting the tourism potential

and expanding the fishing industry.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $57 million (1993 est.)

National product real growth rate:

NA%

National product per capita:

$3,000 (1993 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

6.2% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues:

$38 million

expenditures:

$34.4 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993 est.)

Exports:

$3.4 million (f.o.b., 1990)

commodities:

copra, fresh and canned fruit, clothing

partners:

NZ 80%, Japan

Imports:

$50 million (c.i.f., 1990)

commodities:

foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber

partners:

NZ 49%, Japan, Australia, US

External debt:

$NA

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%; accounts for 5% of GDP

Electricity:

capacity:

14,000 kW

production:

21 million kWh

consumption per capita:

1,170 kWh (1990)

Industries:

fruit processing, tourism

Agriculture:

accounts for 12% of GDP, export crops - copra, citrus fruits,

pineapples, tomatoes, bananas; subsistence crops - yams, taro

Economic aid:

recipient:

Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments

(1970–89), $128 million

Currency:

1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.7771 (January 1994), 1.8495

(1993), 1.8584 (1992), 1.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6708 (1989)

Fiscal year:

1 April - 31 March

@Cook Islands, Communications

Highways:

total:

187 km

paved:

35 km

unpaved:

gravel 35 km; improved earth 84 km; unimproved earth 33 km (1980)

Ports:

Avatiu

Merchant marine:

1 cargo ship (1,000 or over) totaling 1,464 GRT/2,181 DWT

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 11,000 radio receivers; 17,000

TV receivers (1989); 2,052 telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth

station

@Cook Islands, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand

@Coral Sea Islands

Header Affiliation: (territory of Australia)

@Coral Sea Islands, Geography

Location: Southwestern Oceania, just off the northeast coast of Australia in the Coral Sea Map references: Oceania Area: total area: less than 3 sq km land area: less than 3 sq km comparative area: NA note: includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a sea area of about 1 million sq km, with Willis Islets the most important Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 3,095 km Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical Terrain: sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays) Natural resources: negligible Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% (mostly grass or scrub cover) Irrigated land: 0 sq km Environment: current issues: no permanent fresh water resources natural hazards: subject to occasional tropical cyclones international agreements: NA Note: important nesting area for birds and turtles

@Coral Sea Islands, People

Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 3 meteorologists

@Coral Sea Islands, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Coral Sea Islands Territory

conventional short form:

Coral Sea Islands

Digraph:

Type:

territory of Australia administered by the Ministry for Environment,

Sport, and Territories

Capital:

none; administered from Canberra, Australia

Independence:

none (territory of Australia)

Flag:

the flag of Australia is used

@Coral Sea Islands, Economy

Overview: no economic activity

@Coral Sea Islands, Communications

Ports: none; offshore anchorages only

@Coral Sea Islands, Defense Forces

Note:

defense is the responsibility of Australia; visited regularly by the

Royal Australian Navy; Australia has control over the activities of

visitors

@Costa Rica, Geography

Location:

Middle America, between Nicaragua and Panama

Map references:

Central America and the Caribbean, South America

Area:

total area:

51,100 sq km

land area:

50,660 sq km

comparative area:

slightly smaller than West Virginia

note:

includes Isla del Coco

Land boundaries:

total 639 km, Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km

Coastline:

1,290 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

200 nm

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to

November)

Terrain:

coastal plains separated by rugged mountains

Natural resources:

hydropower potential

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

45%

forest and woodland:

34%

other:

Irrigated land:

1,180 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:

current issues:

deforestation, largely a result of land clearing for cattle ranching;

soil erosion

natural hazards:

subject to occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast;

frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season; active

volcanoes

international agreements:

party to - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear

Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not

ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Marine Life Conservation

@Costa Rica, People

Population: 3,342,154 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 2.31% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 25.48 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 3.52 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 1.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.8 years male: 75.88 years female: 79.81 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.06 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Costa Rican(s) adjective: Costa Rican Ethnic divisions: white (including mestizo) 96%, black 2%, Indian 1%, Chinese 1% Religions: Roman Catholic 95% Languages: Spanish (official), English; spoken around Puerto Limon Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 93% male: 93% female: 93% Labor force: 868,300 by occupation: industry and commerce 35.1%, government and services 33%, agriculture 27%, other 4.9% (1985 est.)

@Costa Rica, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Costa Rica

conventional short form:

Costa Rica

local long form:

Republica de Costa Rica

local short form:

Costa Rica

Digraph:

Type:

democratic republic

Capital:

San Jose

Administrative divisions:

7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago,

Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose

Independence:

15 September 1821 (from Spain)

National holiday:

Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Constitution:

9 November 1949

Legal system:

based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:

chief of state and head of government:

President Jose Maria FIGUERES Olsen (since 8 May 1994); First Vice

President Rodrigo OREAMUNO Blanco (since 8 May 1994); Second Vice

President Rebeca GRYNSPAN Mayufis (since 8 May 1994); election last

held 6 February 1994 (next to be held February 1998); results -

President FIGUERES (PLN party) 49.7%, Miquel Angel RODRIGUEZ (PUSC

party) 47.5%

cabinet:

Cabinet; selected by the president

Legislative branch:

unicameral

Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa):

elections last held 6 February 1994 (next to be held February 1998);

results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (61 total) PLN 28, PUSC

29, minority parties 4

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)

Political parties and leaders:

National Liberation Party (PLN), Manuel AGUILAR Bonilla; Social

Christian Unity Party (PUSC), Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier; Marxist

Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Humberto VARGAS Carbonell; New Republic

Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick ARDON Ramirez; Progressive Party (PP),

Isaac Felipe AZOFEIFA Bolanos; People's Party of Costa Rica (PPC),

Lenin CHACON Vargas; Radical Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose

ECHEVERRIA Brealey

Other political or pressure groups:

Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation

Party affiliate); Confederated Union of Workers (CUT, Communist Party

affiliate); Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers (CATD,

Communist Party affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; National

Association for Economic Development (ANFE); Free Costa Rica Movement

(MCRL, rightwing militants); National Association of Educators (ANDE)

Member of:

AG (observer), BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,

ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,

IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL,

UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Gonzalo FACIO Segreda

chancery:

2114 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 234–2945

FAX:

(202) 265–4795

consulate(s) general:

Albuquerque, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami,

New Orleans, New York, Orlando, Philadelphia, San Antonio, San Diego,

San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

consulate(s):

Austin and Raleigh

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

(vacant); Charge d' Affaires Joseph BECELIA

embassy:

Pavas Road, San Jose

mailing address:

APO AA 34020

telephone:

[506] 20–39-39

FAX:

(506) 20–2305

Flag:

five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white,

and blue, with the coat of arms in a white disk on the hoist side of

the red band

@Costa Rica, Economy

Overview:

In 1993 the economy grew at an estimated 6.5%, compared with 7.7% in

1992 and 2.1% in 1991. Increases in agricultural production (coffee

and bananas), nontraditional exports, and tourism are responsible for

much of the growth. Inflation in 1993 dropped to 9% from 17% in 1992

and 25% in 1991, an indication of basic financial stability.

Unemployment is officially reported at 4.0%, but much underemployment

remains.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $19.3 billion (1993 est.)

National product real growth rate:

6.5% (1993 est.)

National product per capita:

$5,900 (1993 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

9% (1993 est.)

Unemployment rate:

4% (1993); much underemployment

Budget:

revenues:

$1.1 billion

expenditures:

$1.34 billion, including capital expenditures of $110 million (1991

est.)

Exports:

$1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1993)

commodities:

coffee, bananas, textiles, sugar

partners:

US, Germany, Italy, Guatemala, El Salvador, Netherlands, UK, France

Imports:

$2.9 billion (c.i.f., 1993)

commodities:

raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment, petroleum

partners:

US, Japan, Mexico, Guatemala, Venezuela, Germany

External debt:

$3.2 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

growth rate 10.5% (1992); accounts for 22% of GDP

Electricity:

capacity:

927,000 kW

production:

3.612 billion kWh

consumption per capita:

1,130 kWh (1992)

Industries:

food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials,

fertilizer, plastic products

Agriculture:

accounts for 19% of GDP and 70% of exports; cash commodities - coffee,

beef, bananas, sugar; other food crops include corn, rice, beans,

potatoes; normally self-sufficient in food except for grain; depletion

of forest resources resulting in lower timber output

Illicit drugs:

transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from South America;

illicit production of cannabis on small scattered plots

Economic aid:

recipient:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70–89), $1.4 billion; Western

(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970–89), $935

million; Communist countries (1971–89), $27 million

Currency:

1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimos

Exchange rates:

Costa Rican colones (C) per US$1 - 150.67 (December 1993), 142.17

(1993), 134.51 (1992), 122.43 (1991), 91.58 (1990), 81.504 (1989)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

@Costa Rica, Communications

Railroads:

950 km total, all 1.067-meter gauge; 260 km electrified

Highways:

total:

35,536 km

paved:

5,600 km

unpaved:

gravel and earth 29,936 km (1991)

Inland waterways:

about 730 km, seasonally navigable

Pipelines:

petroleum products 176 km

Ports:

Puerto Limon, Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puntarenas

Merchant marine:

1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,878 GRT/4,506 DWT

Airports:

total:

184

usable:

165

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

very good domestic telephone service; 292,000 telephones; connection

into Central American Microwave System; broadcast stations - 71 AM, no

FM, 18 TV, 13 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Costa Rica, Defense Forces

Branches:

Civil Guard, Rural Assistance Guard

note:

constitution prohibits armed forces

Manpower availability:

males age 15–49 873,987; fit for military service 588,223; reach

military age (18) annually 32,308 (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989)

@Cote d'Ivoire

Header Affiliation: (also known as Ivory Coast)

@Cote d'Ivoire, Geography

Location:

Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Ghana and

Liberia

Map references:

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

322,460 sq km

land area:

318,000 sq km

comparative area:

slightly larger than New Mexico

Land boundaries:

total 3,110 km, Burkina 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea 610 km, Liberia

716 km, Mali 532 km

Coastline:

515 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

200-m depth

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and

dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June

to October)

Terrain:

mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest

Natural resources:

petroleum, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

26%

other:

52%

Irrigated land:

620 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:

current issues:

deforestation; water pollution from sewage and industrial and

agricultural effluents

natural hazards:

coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors

international agreements:

party to - Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified -

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Tropical Timber

@Cote d'Ivoire, People

Population:

14,295,501 (July 1994 est.)

Population growth rate:

3.44% (1994 est.)

Birth rate:

46.52 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Death rate:

15.01 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Net migration rate:

2.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

95 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

48.92 years

male:

46.75 years

female:

51.16 years (1994 est.)

Total fertility rate:

6.67 children born/woman (1994 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Ivorian(s)

adjective:

Ivorian

Ethnic divisions:

Baoule 23%, Bete 18%, Senoufou 15%, Malinke 11%, Agni, foreign

Africans (mostly Burkinabe and Malians, about 3 million), non-Africans

130,000 to 330,000 (French 30,000 and Lebanese 100,000 to 300,000)

Religions:

indigenous 25%, Muslim 60%, Christian 12%

Languages:

French (official), 60 native dialects Dioula is the most widely spoken

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

total population:

54%

male:

67%

female:

40%

Labor force:

5.718 million

by occupation:

over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock

raising; about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in

agriculture and the remainder in government, industry, commerce, and

professions

note:

54% of population of working age (1985)

@Cote d'Ivoire, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Cote d'Ivoire

conventional short form:

Cote d'Ivoire

local long form:

Republique de Cote d'Ivoire

local short form:

Cote d'Ivoire

former:

Ivory Coast

Digraph:

Type:

republic multiparty presidential regime established 1960

Capital:

Yamoussoukro

note:

although Yamoussoukro has been the capital since 1983, Abidjan remains

the administrative center; foreign governments, including the United

States, maintain presence in Abidjan

Administrative divisions:

50 departments (departements, singular - departement); Abengourou,

Abidjan, Aboisso, Adzope, Agboville, Agnibilckrou, Bangolo, Beoumi,

Biankouma, Bondoukou, Bongouanou, Bouafle, Bouake, Bouna, Boundiali,

Dabakala, Daloa, Danane, Daoukro, Dimbokro, Divo, Duekoue,

Ferkessedougou, Gagnoa, Grand-Lahou, Guiglo, Issia, Katiola, Korhogo,

Lakota, Man, Mankono, Mbahiakro, Odienne, Oume, Sakassou, San-Pedro,

Sassandra, Seguela, Sinfra, Soubre, Tabou, Tanda, Tingrela, Tiassale,

Touba, Toumodi, Vavoua, Yamoussoukro, Zuenoula

Independence:

7 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday:

National Day, 7 December

Constitution:

3 November 1960; has been amended numerous times, last time November

1990

Legal system:

based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review in

the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted

compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:

21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state:

President Henri Konan BEDIE (since 7 December 1993) constitutional

successor who will serve during the remainder of the term of former

President Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY who died in office after continuous

service from November 1960 (next election October 1995)

head of government:

Prime Minister Kablan Daniel DUNCAN (since 10 December 1993)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister

Legislative branch:

unicameral

National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale):

elections last held 25 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995);

results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) PDCI 163,

FPI 9, PIT 1, independents 2

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Political parties and leaders:

Democratic Party of the Cote d'Ivoire (PDCI), Henri Konan BEDIE;

Ivorian Popular Front (FPI), Laurent GBAGBO; Ivorian Worker's Party

(PIT), Francis WODIE; Ivorian Socialist Party (PSI), Morifere BAMBA;

over 20 smaller parties

Member of:

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77,

GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,

INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,

WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Jean-Marie KACOU-GERVAIS

chancery:

2424 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 797–0300

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Hume A. HORAN

embassy:

5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan

mailing address:

01 B. P. 1712, Abidjan

telephone:

[225] 21–09-79 or 21–46-72

FAX:

[225] 22–32-59

Flag:

three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green;

similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors

reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the

flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white, and red; design was

based on the flag of France

@Cote d'Ivoire, Economy

Overview:

Cote d'Ivoire is among the world's largest producers and exporters of

coffee, cocoa beans, and palm-kernel oil. Consequently, the economy is

highly sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for coffee

and cocoa and to weather conditions. Despite attempts by the

government to diversify, the economy is still largely dependent on

agriculture and related industries. The agricultural sector accounts

for over one-third of GDP and about 80% of export earnings and employs

about 85% of the labor force. A collapse of world cocoa and coffee

prices in 1986 threw the economy into a recession, from which the

country has yet to fully recover. Continuing weak prices for commodity

exports, a bloated public-sector wage bill, and a large foreign debt

will continue to constrain economic development, this despite the 50%

currency devaluation in January 1994 designed to restore international

price competitiveness. A large, non-competitive import-substitution

sector continues to thrive under steep tariff and import quota

barriers.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $21 billion (1993 est.)

National product real growth rate:

National product per capita:

$1,500 (1993 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

1% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

14% (1985)

Budget:

revenues:

$2.3 billion

expenditures:

$3.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $274 million (1990

est.)

Exports:

$2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

commodities:

cocoa 30%, coffee 20%, tropical woods 11%, petroleum, cotton, bananas,

pineapples, palm oil, cotton

partners:

France, FRG, Netherlands, US, Belgium, Spain (1985)

Imports:

$1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

commodities:

food, capital goods, consumer goods, fuel

partners:

France 29%, other EC 29%, Nigeria 16%, US 4%, Japan 3% (1989)

External debt:

$17.3 billion (1993 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate 6% (1990); accounts for 11% of GDP

Electricity:

capacity:

1,210,000 kW

production:

1.97 billion kWh

consumption per capita:

150 kWh (1991)

Industries:

foodstuffs, wood processing, oil refinery, automobile assembly,

textiles, fertilizer, beverage

Agriculture:

most important sector, contributing one-third to GDP and 80% to

exports; cash crops include coffee, cocoa beans, timber, bananas, palm

kernels, rubber; food crops - corn, rice, manioc, sweet potatoes; not

self-sufficient in bread grain and dairy products

Illicit drugs:

illicit producer of cannabis; mostly for local consumption; some

international drug trade; transshipment point for Southwest and

Southeast Asian heroin to Europe and occasionally to the US

Economic aid:

recipient:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70–89), $356 million; Western

(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970–88), $5.2

billion

Currency:

1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 592.05

(January 1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26

(1990), 319.01 (1989)

note:

beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per

French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

Fiscal year:

calendar year

@Cote d'Ivoire, Communications

Railroads:

660 km (Burkina border to Abidjan, 1.00-meter gauge, single track,

except 25 km Abidjan-Anyama section is double track)

Highways:

total:

46,600 km

paved:

3,600 km

unpaved:

gravel, crushed stone, improved earth 32,000 km; unimproved earth

11,000 km

Inland waterways:

980 km navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal lagoons

Ports:

Abidjan, San-Pedro

Merchant marine:

8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 92,828 GRT/ 134,606 DWT, bulk 1,

chemical tanker 1, container 2, oil tanker 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 3

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

well-developed by African standards but operating well below capacity;

consists of open-wire lines and radio relay microwave links; 87,700

telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 17 FM, 13 TV, 1 Atlantic Ocean

and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; 2 coaxial submarine cables

@Cote d'Ivoire, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, Republican Guard,

Military Fire Group

Manpower availability:

males age 15–49 3,224,673; fit for military service 1,674,127; reach

military age (18) annually 149,991 (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $200 million, 2.3% of GDP (1988)

@Croatia, Geography

Location:

Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, bordering

the Adriatic Sea, between Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Map references:

Africa, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones

of the World

Area:

total area:

56,538 sq km

land area:

56,410 sq km

comparative area:

slightly smaller than West Virginia

Land boundaries:

total 2,028 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 932 km, Hungary 329 km, Serbia

and Montenegro 266 km (241 km with Serbia; 25 km with Montenego),

Slovenia 501 km

Coastline:

5,790 km (mainland 1,778 km, islands 4,012 km)

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

200-m depth or to depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:

12 nm

exclusive fishing zone:

12 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

Serbs have occupied UN protected areas in eastern Croatia and along

the western Bosnia and Herzegovinian border; dispute with Slovenia

over fishing rights in Adriatic

Climate:

Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with

hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast

Terrain:

geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low

mountains and highlands near Adriatic coast, coastline, and islands

Natural resources:

oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt,

silica, mica, clays, salt

Land use:

arable land:

32%

permanent crops:

20%

meadows and pastures:

18%

forest and woodland:

15%

other:

15%

Irrigated land:

NA sq km

Environment:

current issues:

air pollution from metallurgical plants is damaging the forests;

coastal pollution from industrial and domestic waste; widespread

casualties and destruction of infrastructure in border areas affected

by civil strife

natural hazards:

subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes

international agreements:

party to - Air Pollution, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified -

Biodiversity, Climate Change

Note:

controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and

Turkish Straits

@Croatia, People

Population:

4,697,614 (July 1994 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.07% (1994 est.)

Birth rate:

11.27 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Death rate:

10.54 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

8.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

73.6 years

male:

70.14 years

female:

77.26 years (1994 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.65 children born/woman (1994 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Croat(s)

adjective:

Croatian

Ethnic divisions:

Croat 78%, Serb 12%, Muslim 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%, Slovenian 0.5%,

others 8.1%

Religions:

Catholic 76.5%, Orthodox 11.1%, Slavic Muslim 1.2%, Protestant 0.4%,

others and unknown 10.8%

Languages:

Serbo-Croatian 96%, other 4%

Literacy:

total population:

NA%

male:

NA%

female:

NA%

Labor force:

1,509,489

by occupation:

industry and mining 37%, agriculture 16% (1981 est.), government NA%,

other

@Croatia, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Croatia

conventional short form:

Croatia

local long form:

Republika Hrvatska

local short form:

Hrvatska

Digraph:

Type:

parliamentary democracy

Capital:

Zagreb

Administrative divisions:

21 counties (zupanijas, zupanija - singular): Bjelovar-Bilogora, City

of Zagreb, Dubrovnik-Neretva, Istra, Karlovac, Koprivnica-Krizevci,

Krapina-Zagorje, Lika-Senj, Medimurje, Osijek-Baranja,

Pozega-Slavonija, Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Sibenik, Sisak-Moslavina,

Slavonski Brod-Posavina, Split-Dalmatia, Varazdin,

Virovitica-Podravina, Vukovar-Srijem, Zadar-Knin, Zagreb

Independence:

NA June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

National holiday:

Statehood Day, 30 May (1990)

Constitution:

adopted on 2 December 1990

Legal system:

based on civil law system

Suffrage:

16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Executive branch:

chief of state:

President Franjo TUDJMAN (since 30 May 1990); election last held 4

August 1992 (next to be held NA 1995); Franjo TUDJMAN reelected with

about 56% of the vote; his opponent Dobroslav PARAGA got 5% of the

vote

head of government:

Prime Minister Nikica VALENTIC (since 3 April 1993); Deputy Prime

Ministers Mato GRANIC (since 8 September 1992), Ivica KOSTOVIC (since

NA), Vladimir SEKS (since September 1992), Borislav SKEGRO (since NA)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers; appointed by the president

Legislative branch:

bicameral parliament Assembly (Sabor)

House of Districts (Zupanije Dom):

elections last held 7 and 21 February 1993 (next to be held NA

February 1997); seats - (68 total; 63 elected, 5 presidentially

appointed) HDZ 37, HSLS 16, HSS 5, Istrian Democratic Assembly 3,

SPH-SDP 1, HNS 1

House of Representatives (Predstavnicke Dom):

elections last held 2 August 1992 (next to be held NA August 1996);

seats - (138 total) HDZ 85, HSLS 14, SPH-SDP 11, HNS 6, Dalmatian

Action/Istrian Democratic Assembly/ Rijeka Democratic Alliance

coalition 6, HSP 5, HSS 3, SNS 3, independents 5

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court, Constitutional Court

Political parties and leaders:

Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), Stjepan MESIC, chairman of the

executive council; Croatian People's Party (HNS), Savka

DABCEVIC-KUCAR, president; Serbian People's Party (SNS), Milan DUKIC;

Croatian Party of Rights (HSP), leader NA; Croatian Social Liberal

Party (HSLS), Drazen BUDISA, president; Croatian Peasant Party (HSS),

leader NA; Dalmatian Action/Istrian Democratic Assembly/Rijecka

Democratic Alliance coalition; Social Democratic Party of

Croatia-Party of Democratic Changes (SPH-SDP), Ivica RACAN

Other political or pressure groups:

Member of:

CE (guest), CEI, CSCE, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,

INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM

(observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Petr A. SARCEVIC

chancery:

(temporary) 236 Massachusetts Avenue NE, Washington, DC 20002

telephone:

(202) 543–5580

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Peter W. GALBRAITH

embassy:

Andrije Hebranga 2, Zagreb

mailing address:

US Embassy, Zagreb, Unit 1345, APO AE 09213–1345

telephone:

[385] (41) 444–800

FAX:

[385] (41) 45 85 85

Flag:

red, white, and blue horizontal bands with Croatian coat of arms (red

and white checkered)

@Croatia, Economy

Overview: Before the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the republic of Croatia, after Slovenia, was the most prosperous and industrialized area, with a per capita output roughly comparable to that of Portugal and perhaps one-third above the Yugoslav average. At present, Croatian Serb Nationalists control approximately one-third of the Croatian territory, and one of the overriding determinants of Croatia's long-term political and economic prospects will be the resolution of this territorial dispute. Croatia faces monumental economic problems stemming from: the legacy of longtime Communist mismanagement of the economy; large foreign debt; damage during the fighting to bridges, factories, power lines, buildings, and houses; the large refugee population, both Croatian and Bosnian; and the disruption of economic ties to Serbia and the other former Yugoslav republics, as well as within its own territory. At the minimum, extensive Western aid and investment, especially in the tourist and oil industries, would seem necessary to salvage a desperate economic situation. However, peace and political stability must come first; only then will recent government moves toward a "market-friendly" economy reverse the sharp drop in output. As of May 1994, fighting continues among Croats, Serbs, and Muslims, and national boundaries and final political arrangements are still in doubt. National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $21.8 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: −19% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $4,500 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 26% monthly average (1993 est.) Unemployment rate: 21% (December 1993) Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: $3.9 billion (f.o.b., 1993) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 30%, other manufacturers 37%, chemicals 11%, food and live animals 9%, raw materials 6.5%, fuels and lubricants 5% (1990) partners: EC countries, Slovenia Imports: $4.7 billion (c.i.f., 1993) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 21%, fuels and lubricants 19%, food and live animals 16%, chemicals 14%, manufactured goods 13%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 9%, raw materials 6.5%, beverages and tobacco 1% (1990) partners: EC countries, Slovenia, FSU countries External debt: $2.6 billion (December 1993) Industrial production: growth rate −5.9% (1993 est.) Electricity: capacity: 3,570,000 kW production: 11.5 billion kWh consumption per capita: 2,400 kWh (1992) Industries: chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum reduction, paper, wood products (including furniture), building materials (including cement), textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food processing and beverages Agriculture: Croatia normally produces a food surplus; most agricultural land in private hands and concentrated in Croat-majority districts in Slavonia and Istria; much of Slavonia's land has been put out of production by fighting; wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflowers, alfalfa, and clover are main crops in Slavonia; central Croatian highlands are less fertile but support cereal production, orchards, vineyards, livestock breeding, and dairy farming; coastal areas and offshore islands grow olives, citrus fruits, and vegetables Economic aid: $NA Currency: 1 Croatian dinar (CD) = 100 paras; a new currency, the kuna, replaced the dinar on 30 May 1994 Exchange rates: Croatian dinar per US $1 - 6,544 (January 1994), 3,637 (15 July 1993), 60.00 (April 1992) Fiscal year: calendar year

@Croatia, Communications

Railroads:

2,592 km of standard guage (1.435 m) of which 864 km are electrified

(1992); note - disrupted by territorial dispute

Highways:

total:

32,071 km

paved:

23,305 km

unpaved:

gravel 8,439 km; earth 327 km (1990)

Inland waterways:

785 km perennially navigable

Pipelines:

crude oil 670 km; petroleum products 20 km; natural gas 310 km (1992);

note - now disrupted because of territorial dispute

Ports:

coastal - Omisalj (oil), Ploce, Rijeka, Split; inland - Osijek,

Slavonski Samac, Vukovar, Zupanja

Merchant marine:

28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 108,194 GRT/131,880 DWT, cargo

18, container 1, oil tanker 1, passenger 2, refrigerated cargo 1,

roll-on/roll-off cargo 2, short-sea passenger 3

note:

also controlled by Croatian shipowners are 151 ships (1,000 GRT or

over) under flags of convenience - primarily Malta and St. Vincent -

totaling 2,221,931 GRT/3,488,263 DWT; includes cargo 60, roll-on/

roll-off 8, refrigerated cargo 4, container 12, multifunction large

load carriers 3, bulk 45, oil tanker 9, liquified gas 1, chemical

tanker 4, service vessel 5

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

350,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 8 FM, 12 (2 repeaters)

TV; 1,100,000 radios; 1,027,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - none

@Croatia, Defense Forces

Branches:

Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces

Manpower availability:

males age 15–49 1,182,767; fit for military service 946,010; reach

military age (19) annually 33,166 (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures:

337 billion-393 billion Croatian dinars, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note

- conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current

exchange rate could produce misleading results

@Cuba, Geography

Location:

Caribbean, in the northern Caribbean Sea, 145 km south of Key West

(Florida)

Map references:

Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones

of the World

Area:

total area:

110,860 sq km

land area:

110,860 sq km

comparative area:

slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

Land boundaries:

total 29 km, US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 29 km

note:

Guantanamo is leased and as such remains part of Cuba

Coastline:

3,735 km

Maritime claims:

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual

agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease

Climate:

tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April);

rainy season (May to October)

Terrain:

mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the

southeast

Natural resources:

cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica,

petroleum

Land use:

arable land:

23%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

23%

forest and woodland:

17%

other:

31%

Irrigated land:

8,960 sq km (1989)

Environment:

current issues:

overhunting threatens wildlife populations; deforestation

natural hazards:

averages one hurricane every other year

international agreements:

party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered

Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified -

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Note:

largest country in Caribbean

@Cuba, People

Population:

11,064,344 (July 1994 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.95% (1994 est.)

Birth rate:

16.59 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Death rate:

6.52 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Net migration rate:

−0.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

10.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

76.89 years

male:

74.72 years

female:

79.18 years (1994 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.83 children born/woman (1994 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Cuban(s)

adjective:

Cuban

Ethnic divisions:

mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%

Religions:

nominally Roman Catholic 85% prior to Castro assuming power

Languages:

Spanish

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

total population:

94%

male:

95%

female:

93%

Labor force:

4,620,800 economically active population (1988); 3,578,800 in state

sector

by occupation:

services and government 30%, industry 22%, agriculture 20%, commerce

11%, construction 10%, transportation and communications 7% (June

1990)

@Cuba, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Cuba

conventional short form:

Cuba

local long form:

Republica de Cuba

local short form:

Cuba

Digraph:

Type:

Communist state

Capital:

Havana

Administrative divisions:

14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special

municipality* (municipio especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila,

Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de

la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio, Sancti

Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara

Independence:

20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from

1898 to 1902)

National holiday:

Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953)

Constitution:

24 February 1976

Legal system:

based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist

legal theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:

16 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state and head of government:

President of the Council of State and President of the Council of

Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (Prime Minister from February 1959 until 24

February 1976 when office was abolished; President since 2 December

1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice

President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2

December 1976)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers; proposed by the president of the Council of

State, appointed by the National Assembly

Legislative branch:

unicameral

National Assembly of People's Power:

(Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular) elections last held February

1993; seats - 589 total, indirectly elected from slates approved by

special candidacy commissions

Judicial branch:

People's Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo Popular)

Political parties and leaders:

only party - Cuban Communist Party (PCC), Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first

secretary

Member of:

CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INMARSAT,

INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA

(observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation since

1962), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,

WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Principal Officer Alfonso FRAGA Perez (since August 1992) represented

by the Cuban Interests Section of the Swiss Embassy in Washington, DC

chancery:

2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, US Interests Section, Swiss Embassy,

Washington, DC 20009

telephone:

(202) 797–8518 or 8519, 8520, 8609, 8610

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Principal Officer Joseph SULLIVAN

US Interests Section:

USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada Entre L y M, Vedado Seccion, Havana

mailing address:

use street address

telephone:

33–3351 or 33–3543

FAX:

no service available at this time

note:

protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland - US Interests Section, Swiss

Embassy

Flag:

five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with

white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a

white five-pointed star in the center

@Cuba, Economy

Overview:

Cuba's heavily statist economy remains in a severe depression as a

result of the loss of massive amounts of economic aid from the former

Soviet Bloc. In 1989–93, GDP declined by about 40% and import

capability fell by about 80%. Reduced imports of fuel, spare parts,

and chemicals combined with rainy weather to cut the production of

sugar - the country's top export - from 7 million tons in 1992 to 4.3

million tons in 1993, causing a loss of more than $400 million in

export revenue. The government implemented several measures designed

to stem the economic decline, e.g., legalizing the use of foreign

currency by Cuban citizens in August 1993 in an attempt to increase

remittances of foreign exchange from abroad. Authorities in September

1993 began permitting self-employment in over 100 mostly service

occupations. Also in September the government broke up many state

farms into smaller, more autonomous cooperative units in an attempt to

increase worker incentives and boost depressed food production levels.

Fuel shortages persisted throughout 1993; draft animals and bicycles

continued to replace motor-driven vehicles, and the use of electricity

by households and factories was cut from already low levels. With the

help of foreign investment, tourism has been one bright spot in the

economy, with arrivals and earnings reaching record highs in 1993.

Government officials have expressed guarded optimism for 1994, as the

country struggles to achieve sustainable economic growth at a

much-reduced standard of living.

National product:

GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $13.7 billion (1993 est.)

National product real growth rate:

−10% (1993 est.)

National product per capita:

$1,250 (1993 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

NA%

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues:

$12.46 billion

expenditures:

$14.45 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)

Exports:

$1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)

commodities:

sugar, nickel, shellfish, tobacco, medical products, citrus, coffee

partners:

Russia 28%, Canada 9%, China 5%, Ukraine 5%, Japan 4%, Spain 4% (1993

est.)

Imports:

$1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.)

commodities:

petroleum, food, machinery, chemicals

partners:

Venezuela 20%, China 9%, Spain 9%, Mexico 7%, Italy 4%, Canada 7%,

France 8% (1993 est.)

External debt:

$6.8 billion (convertible currency, July 1989)

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%

Electricity:

capacity:

3,889,000 kW

production:

16.248 billion kWh

consumption per capita:

1,500 kWh (1992)

Industries:

sugar milling and refining, petroleum refining, food and tobacco

processing, textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals

(particularly nickel), cement, fertilizers, consumer goods,

agricultural machinery

Agriculture:

accounts for 11% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); key

commercial crops - sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits; other

products - coffee, rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's largest sugar

exporter; not self-sufficient in food (excluding sugar); sector hurt

by growing shortages of fuels and parts

Illicit drugs:

transshipment point for cocaine bound for the US

Economic aid:

recipient:

Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments

(1970–89), $710 million; Communist countries (1970–89), $18.5 billion

Currency:

1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (non-convertible, official rate,

linked to the US dollar)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

@Cuba, Communications

Railroads:

12,795 km total; Cuban National Railways operates 5,053 km of

1.435-meter gauge track, including 151.7 km electrified; in addition,

sugar plantation lines consist of 7,742 km of 0.914-meter and

1.435-meter gauge track

Highways:

total:

26,477 km

paved:

14,477 km

unpaved:

gravel or earth 12,000 km (1989)

Inland waterways:

240 km

Ports:

Cienfuegos, La Habana, Mariel, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba; 7

secondary, 35 minor

Merchant marine:

64 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 444,038 GRT/627,741 DWT, bulk 2,

cargo 36, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 4, oil tanker 10, passenger

cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 10

note:

Cuba beneficially owns an additional 34 ships (1,000 GRT and over)

totaling 529,090 DWT under the registry of Panama, Cyprus, and Malta

Airports:

total:

187

usable:

167

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

among the world's least developed telephone systems; 229,000

telephones; telephone density - 20.7 per 1,000 persons; broadcast

stations - 150 AM, 5 FM, 58 TV; 1,530,000 TVs; 2,140,000 radios; 1

Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Cuba, Defense Forces

Branches:

Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) - including ground forces,

Revolutionary Navy (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR),

Territorial Militia Troops (MTT), Youth Labor Army (EJT), and Interior

Ministry Border Guard Troops

Manpower availability:

males age 15–49 3,064,898; females age 15–49 3,088,810; males fit for

military service 1,907,396; females fit for military service

1,927,306; males reach military age (17) annually 81,536 (1994 est.);

females reach military age (17) annually 78,612 (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - approx. $600 million, 4% of GSP (gross

social product) in 1993 was for defense

Note:

Moscow, for decades the key military supporter and supplier of Cuba,

cut off military aid by 1993

@Cyprus, Geography

Location:

Middle East, in the eastern Mediterreanean Sea, 97 km west of Syria

and 64 km west of Turkey

Map references:

Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

9,250 sq km

land area:

9,240 sq km

comparative area:

about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

648 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

200-m depth or to depth of exploitation

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto autonomous

areas, a Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (60% of the

island's land area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of the island),

that are separated by a narrow UN buffer zone; in addition, there are

two UK sovereign base areas (about 5% of the island's land area)

Climate:

temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters

Terrain:

central plain with mountains to north and south

Natural resources:

copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth

pigment

Land use:

arable land:

40%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

10%

forest and woodland:

18%

other:

25%

Irrigated land:

350 sq km (1989)

Environment:

current issues:

water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal

disparity in rainfall, and most potable resources concentrated in the

Turkish Cypriot area); water pollution from sewage and industrial

wastes; coastal degradation; loss of wildlife habitats from

urbanization

natural hazards:

moderate earthquake activity

international agreements:

party to - Air Pollution, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but

not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change

@Cyprus, People

Population: 730,084 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 0.91% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 16.69 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 7.61 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.22 years male: 73.97 years female: 78.58 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.32 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Cypriot(s) adjective: Cypriot Ethnic divisions: Greek 78%, Turkish 18%, other 4% Religions: Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other 4% Languages: Greek, Turkish, English Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1987 est.) total population: 94% male: 98% female: 91% Labor force: Greek area: 285,500 by occupation: services 57%, industry 29%, agriculture 14% (1992) Turkish area: 75,000 by occupation: services 52%, industry 22%, agriculture 26% (1992)

@Cyprus, Government

Names: conventional long form: Republic of Cyprus conventional short form: Cyprus Digraph: CY Type: republic note: a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot President Rauf DENKTASH declared independence and the formation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), which has been recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of government Capital: Nicosia Administrative divisions: 6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos Independence: 16 August 1960 (from UK) National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (15 November (1983) is celebrated as Independence Day in the Turkish area) Constitution: 16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots created their own Constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which was renamed the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed by referendum in 5 May 1985 Legal system: based on common law, with civil law modifications Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state and head of government: President Glafkos CLERIDES (since 28 February 1993); election last held 14 February 1993 (next to be held February 1998); results - Glafkos CLERIDES 50.3%, George VASSILIOU 49.7% cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed jointly by the president and vice-president note: Rauf R. DENKTASH has been president of the Turkish area since 13 February 1975; Hakki ATUN has been prime minister of the Turkish area since 1 January 1994; there is a Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish area Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon): elections last held 19 May 1991 (next to be held NA); results - DISY 35.8%, AKEL (Communist) 30.6%, DIKO 19.5%, EDEK 10.9%; others 3.2%; seats - (56 total) DISY 20, AKEL (Communist) 18, DIKO 11, EDEK 7 Turkish Area: Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi): elections last held 12 December 1993 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (50 total) UBP (conservative) 17, DP 15, CTP 13, TKP 5 Judicial branch: Supreme Court; note - there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish area Political parties and leaders: Greek Cypriot: Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL, Communist Party), Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS; Democratic Rally (DISY), John MATSIS; Democratic Party (DIKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK), Vassos LYSSARIDIS; Socialist Democratic Renewal Movement (ADISOK), Mikhalis PAPAPETROU; Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS; Free Democrats, George VASSILIOU Turkish area: National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU; Communal Liberation Party (TKP), Mustafa AKINCI; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker OZGUR; New Cyprus Party (YKP), Alpay DURDURAN; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Ergun VEHBI; New Birth Party (YDP), Ali Ozkan ALTINISHIK; Free Democratic Party (HDP), Ismet KOTAK; National Struggle Party (MSP), Zorlu TORE; Unity and Sovereignty Party (USP), Arif Salih KIRDAG; Democratic Party (DP), Hakki ATUN; Fatherland Party (VP), Orhan UCOK note: CTP, TKP, and YDP joined in the coalition Democratic Struggle Party (DMP) for the 22 April 1990 legislative election; the CTP and TKP boycotted the by-election of 13 October 1991, in which 12 seats were at stake; the DMP was dissolved after the 1990 election Other political or pressure groups: United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON, Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus Farmers (EKA, Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK, pro-West); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO, Communist controlled); Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK, pro-West); Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions (Dev-Is) Member of: C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Andreas JACOVIDES chancery: 2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 462–5772 consulate(s) general: New York note: Representative of the Turkish area in the US is Namik KORMAN, office at 1667 K Street NW, Washington DC, telephone (202) 887–6198 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard BOUCHER embassy: corner of Metochiou and Ploutarchou Streets, Nicosia mailing address: APO AE 09836 telephone: [357] (2) 476100 FAX: [357] (2) 465944 Flag: white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities note: the Turkish Cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the top and bottom with a red crescent and red star on a white field

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