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@Afghanistan, Geography

Location:

Southern Asia, between Iran and Pakistan

Map references:

Asia, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

647,500 sq km

land area:

647,500 sq km

comparative area:

slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:

total 5,529 km, China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km,

Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km

Coastline:

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

none; landlocked

International disputes:

periodic disputes with Iran over Helmand water rights; Iran supports

clients in country, private Pakistani and Saudi sources also are

active; power struggles among various groups for control of Kabul,

regional rivalries among emerging warlords, traditional tribal

disputes continue; support to Islamic fighters in Tajikistan's civil

war; border dispute with Pakistan (Durand Line); support to Islamic

militants worldwide by some factions

Climate:

arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers

Terrain:

mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest

Natural resources:

natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, talc, barites, sulphur, lead,

zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones

Land use:

arable land:

12%

permanent crops:

0%

meadows and pastures:

46%

forest and woodland:

3%

other:

39%

Irrigated land:

26,600 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:

current issues:

soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much of the remaining

forests are being cut down for fuel and building materials);

desertification

natural hazards:

damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains (one measured 6.8

on the Richter scale in 1991); flooding

international agreements:

party to - Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine

Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life

Conservation

Note:

landlocked

@Afghanistan, People

Population:

16,903,400 (July 1994 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.45% (1994 est.)

Birth rate:

43.46 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Death rate:

18.94 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

155.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

44.89 years

male:

45.53 years

female:

44.21 years (1994 est.)

Total fertility rate:

6.27 children born/woman (1994 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Afghan(s)

adjective:

Afghan

Ethnic divisions:

Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%, minor ethnic groups

(Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others)

Religions:

Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi'a Muslim 15%, other 1%

Languages:

Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily

Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and

Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

total population:

29%

male:

44%

female:

14%

Labor force:

4.98 million

by occupation:

agriculture and animal husbandry 67.8%, industry 10.2%, construction

6.3%, commerce 5.0%, services and other 10.7% (1980 est.)

@Afghanistan, Government

Names: conventional long form: Islamic State of Afghanistan conventional short form: Afghanistan local long form: Dowlat-e Eslami-ye Afghanestan local short form: Afghanestan former: Republic of Afghanistan Digraph: AF Type: transitional government Capital: Kabul Administrative divisions: 30 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamian, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol, Kandahar, Kapisa, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, Zabol note: there may be a new province of Nurestan (Nuristan) Independence: 19 August 1919 (from UK) National holiday: Victory of the Muslim Nation, 28 April; Remembrance Day for Martyrs and Disabled, 4 May; Independence Day, 19 August Constitution: none Legal system: a new legal system has not been adopted but the transitional government has declared it will follow Islamic law (Shari'a) Suffrage: undetermined; previously universal, male ages 15–50 Executive branch: chief of state: President Burhanuddin RABBANI (Interim President July - December 1992; President since 2 January 1993); First Vice President Mohammad NABI Mohammadi (since NA); First Vice President Mohammad SHAH Fazli (since NA); election last held NA December 1992 (next to be held NA December 1994); results - Burhanuddin RABBANI was elected to a two-year term by a national shura, later amended by multi-party agreement to 18 months. head of government: Prime Minister Gulbuddin HIKMATYAR (since 17 March 1993); First Deputy Prime Minister Qutbuddin HELAL (since 17 March 1993); Deputy Prime Minister Arsala RAHMANI (since 17 March 1993) cabinet: Council of Ministers Legislative branch: a unicameral parliament consisting of 205 members was chosen by the shura in January 1993; non-functioning as of June 1993 Judicial branch: an interim Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has been appointed, but a new court system has not yet been organized Political parties and leaders: current political organizations include Jamiat-i-Islami (Islamic Society), Burhanuddin RABBANI, Ahmad Shah MASOOD; Hizbi Islami-Gulbuddin (Islamic Party), Gulbuddin HIKMATYAR faction; Hizbi Islami-Khalis (Islamic Party), Yunis KHALIS faction; Ittihad-i-Islami Barai Azadi Afghanistan (Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan), Abdul Rasul SAYYAF; Harakat-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic Revolutionary Movement), Mohammad Nabi MOHAMMADI; Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli Afghanistan (Afghanistan National Liberation Front), Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI; Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National Islamic Front), Sayed Ahamad GAILANI; Hizbi Wahdat (Islamic Unity Party), Abdul Ali MAZARI; Harakat-i-Islami (Islamic Movement), Mohammed Asif MOHSENI; Jumbesh-i-Milli Islami (National Islamic Movement), Rashid DOSTUM note: the former ruling Watan Party has been disbanded Other political or pressure groups: the former resistance commanders are the major power brokers in the countryside; shuras (councils) of commanders are now administering most cities outside Kabul; ulema (religious scholars); tribal elders Member of: AsDB, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Abdul RAHIM chancery: 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 234–3770 or 3771 FAX: (202) 328–3516 US diplomatic representation: none; embassy was closed in January 1989 Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black, with the national coat of arms superimposed in the middle of the white band and large Islamic lettering superimposed over the green and white bands Overview: Afghanistan is an extremely poor, landlocked country, highly dependent on farming (wheat especially) and livestock raising (sheep and goats). Economic considerations have played second fiddle to political and military upheavals during more than 14 years of war, including the nearly 10-year Soviet military occupation (which ended 15 February 1989). Over the past decade, one-third of the population fled the country, with Pakistan sheltering more than 3 million refugees and Iran about 3 million. About 1.4 million Afghan refugees remain in Pakistan and about 2 million in Iran. Another 1 million probably moved into and around urban areas within Afghanistan. Although reliable data are unavailable, gross domestic product is lower than 12 years ago because of the loss of labor and capital and the disruption of trade and transport. National product: GDP $NA National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $NA Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: $243 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides and pelts, precious and semi-precious gems partners: FSU countries, Pakistan, Iran, Germany, India, UK, Belgium, Luxembourg, Czechoslovakia Imports: $737 million (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: food and petroleum products; most consumer goods partners: FSU countries, Pakistan, Iran, Japan, Singapore, India, South Korea, Germany External debt: $2.3 billion (March 1991 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 2.3% (FY91 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP Electricity: capacity: 480,000 kW production: 1 billion kWh consumption per capita: 60 kWh (1992) Industries: small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, oil, coal, copper Agriculture: largely subsistence farming and nomadic animal husbandry; cash products - wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, mutton Illicit drugs: an illicit cultivator of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade; world's second-largest opium producer after Burma (680 metric tons in 1993) and a major source of hashish Economic aid: recipient: $450 million US assistance provided 1985–1993; USAID will stop all programs by mid-1994; the UN provides assistance in the form of food aid, immunization, land mine removal, and a wide range of aid to refugees and displaced persons Currency: 1 afghani (AF) = 100 puls Exchange rates: afghanis (Af) per US$1 - 1,900 (January 1994), 1,019 (March 1993), 850 (1991), 700 (1989–90), 220 (1988–89); note - these rates reflect the free market exchange rates rather than the official exchange rates Fiscal year: 21 March - 20 March

@Afghanistan, Communications

Railroads:

9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge from Gushgy (formerly Kushka)

(Turkmenistan) to Towraghondi and 15.0 km from Termiz (Uzbekistan) to

Kheyrabad transshipment point on south bank of Amu Darya

Highways:

total:

21,000 km

paved:

2,800 km

unpaved:

gravel 1,650 km; earth 16,550 km (1984)

Inland waterways:

total navigability 1,200 km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels

up to about 500 metric tons

Pipelines:

petroleum products - Uzbekistan to Bagram and Turkmenistan to

Shindand; natural gas 180 km

Ports:

Shir Khan and Kheyrabad (river ports)

Airports:

total:

42

usable:

35

with permanent-surface runways:

9

with runways over 3,659 m:

0

with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

10

with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

17

Telecommunications:

limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; television

introduced in 1980; 31,200 telephones; numerous cellular telephones;

broadcast stations - 5 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 satellite earth station

@Afghanistan, Defense Forces

Branches:

the military still does not yet exist on a national scale; some

elements of the former Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, National

Guard, Border Guard Forces, National Police Force (Sarandoi), and

tribal militias remain intact but are factionalized among the various

mujahedin and former regime leaders

Manpower availability:

males age 15–49 4,188,036; fit for military service 2,245,196; reach

military age (22) annually 158,335 (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures:

the new government has not yet adopted a defense budget

@Albania, Geography

Location:

Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula between

Serbia and Montenegro and Greece

Map references:

Africa, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones

of the World

Area:

total area:

28,750 sq km

land area:

27,400 sq km

comparative area:

slightly larger than Maryland

Land boundaries:

total 720 km, Greece 282 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

151 km, Serbia and Montenegro 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with

Montenegro)

Coastline:

362 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

not specified

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbia and

Montenegro, and the Albanian Government supports the Kosovo position

politically

Climate:

mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers;

interior is cooler and wetter

Terrain:

mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast

Natural resources:

petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel

Land use:

arable land:

21%

permanent crops:

4%

meadows and pastures:

15%

forest and woodland:

38%

other:

22%

Irrigated land:

4,230 sq km (1989)

Environment:

current issues:

deforestation

natural hazards:

subject to destructive earthquakes; tsunami occur along southwestern

coast

international agreements:

party to - Biodiversity

Note:

strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to

Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea)

@Albania, People

Population:

3,374,085 (July 1994 est.)

note:

IMF, working with Albanian government figures estimates the population

at 3,120,000 in 1993 and that the population has fallen since 1990

Population growth rate:

1.19% (1994 est.)

Birth rate:

22.46 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Death rate:

5.32 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Net migration rate:

−5.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

30 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

73.4 years

male:

70.42 years

female:

76.61 years (1994 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.78 children born/woman (1994 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Albanian(s)

adjective:

Albanian

Ethnic divisions:

Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and

Bulgarians) (1989 est.)

Religions:

Muslim 70%, Greek Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10%

note:

all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances

prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious

practice

Languages:

Albanian (Tosk is the official dialect), Greek

Literacy:

age 9 and over can read and write (1955)

total population:

72%

male:

80%

female:

63%

Labor force:

1.5 million (1987)

by occupation:

agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 40% (1986)

@Albania, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Albania

conventional short form:

Albania

local long form:

Republika e Shqiperise

local short form:

Shqiperia

former:

People's Socialist Republic of Albania

Digraph:

AL

Type:

nascent democracy

Capital:

Tirane

Administrative divisions:

26 districts (rrethe, singular - rreth); Berat, Dibre, Durres,

Elbasan, Fier, Gjirokaster, Gramsh, Kolonje, Korce, Kruje, Kukes,

Lezhe, Librazhd, Lushnje, Mat, Mirdite, Permet, Pogradec, Puke,

Sarande, Shkoder, Skrapar, Tepelene, Tirane, Tropoje, Vlore

Independence:

28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire)

National holiday:

Liberation Day, 28 November (1944; changed by decree on 12 November

1993)

Constitution:

an interim basic law was approved by the People's Assembly on 29 April

1991; a new constitution was to be drafted for adoption in 1992, but

is still in process

Legal system:

has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:

18 years of age, universal and compulsory

Executive branch:

chief of state:

President of the Republic Sali BERISHA (since 9 April 1992)

head of government:

Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers Aleksander Gabriel MEKSI

(since 10 April 1992)

Cabinet:

Council of Ministers; appointed by the president

Legislative branch:

unicameral

People's Assembly (Kuvendi Popullor):

elections last held 22 March 1992; results - DP 62.29%, ASP 25.57%,

SDP 4.33%, RP 3.15%, UHP 2.92%, other 1.74%; seats - (140 total) DP

92, ASP 38, SDP 7, RP 1, UHP 2

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:

there are at least 18 political parties; most prominent are the

Albanian Socialist Party (ASP; formerly the Albania Workers Party),

Fatos NANO, first secretary; Democratic Party (DP), Eduard SELAMI,

chairman; Albanian Republican Party (RP), Sabri GODO; Omonia (Greek

minority party), leader NA (ran in 1992 election as Unity for Human

Rights Party (UHP)); Social Democratic Party (SDP), Skender GJINUSHI;

Democratic Alliance Party (DAP), Spartak NGJELA, chairman

Member of:

BSEC, CCC, CE (guest), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,

IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL,

IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Lublin Hasan DILJA

chancery:

Suite 1010, 1511 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20005

telephone:

(202) 223–4942, 8187

FAX:

(202) 628–7342

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador William E. RYERSON

embassy:

Rruga E. Elbansanit 103, Tirane

mailing address:

PSC 59, Box 100 (A), APO AE 09624

telephone:

355–42-32875, 33520

FAX:

355–42-32222

Flag:

red with a black two-headed eagle in the center

@Albania, Economy

Overview:

An extremely poor country by European standards, Albania is making the

difficult transition to a more open-market economy. The economy

rebounded in 1993 after a severe depression accompanying the collapse

of the previous centrally planned system in 1990 and 1991.

Stabilization policies, including public sector layoffs and reduced

social services, have improved the government's fiscal situation and

reduced inflation. The recovery was spurred by the remittances of some

5% of the population which works abroad, mostly in Greece and Italy.

Foreign assistance and humanitarian aid also supported the recovery.

Most agricultural land was privatized in 1992, substantially improving

peasant incomes. Albania's limited industrial sector, now less than

one-sixth of GDP, continued to decline in 1993. A sharp fall in

chromium prices reduced hard currency receipts from the mining sector.

Large segments of the population, especially those living in urban

areas, continue to depend on humanitarian aid to meet basic food

requirements. Unemployment remains a severe problem accounting for

approximately one-fifth of the work force. Growth is expected to

continue in 1994, but could falter if Albania becomes involved in the

conflict in the former Yugoslavia, workers' remittances from Greece

are reduced, or foreign assistance declines.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $3.3 billion (1993 est.)

National product real growth rate:

11% (1993)

National product per capita:

$1,100 (1993 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

31% (1993 est.)

Unemployment rate:

18% (1993 est.)

Budget:

revenues:

$1.1 billion

expenditures:

$1.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $70 million (1991

est.)

Exports:

$70 million (f.o.b., 1992)

commodities:

asphalt, metals and metallic ores, electricity, crude oil, vegetables,

fruits, tobacco

partners:

Italy, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Germany, Greece,

Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary

Imports:

$524 million (f.o.b., 1992)

commodities:

machinery, consumer goods, grains

partners:

Italy, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Germany,

Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Greece

External debt:

$724 million (1993 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate −10% (1993 est.); accounts for 16% of GDP (1993 est.)

Electricity:

capacity:

1,690,000 kW

production:

5 billion kWh

consumption per capita:

1,520 kWh (1992)

Industries:

food processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, oil, cement,

chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower

Agriculture:

accounts for 55% of GDP; arable land per capita among lowest in

Europe; 80% of arable land now in private hands; one-half of work

force engaged in farming; produces wide range of temperate-zone crops

and livestock

Illicit drugs:

transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan

route; limited opium production

Economic aid:

recipient:

$190 million humanitarian aid; $94 million in loans/guarantees/credits

Currency:

1 lek (L) = 100 qintars

Exchange rates:

leke (L) per US$1 - 99 (January 1994), 97 (January 1993), 50 (January

1992), 25 (September 1991)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

@Albania, Communications

Railroads:

543 km total; 509 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track and 34

km narrow gauge, single track (1990); line connecting Titograd (Serbia

and Montenegro) and Shkoder (Albania) completed August 1986

Highways:

total:

16,700 km

paved:

6,700 km

unpaved:

earth 10,000 km (1990)

Inland waterways:

43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake

Prespa (1990)

Pipelines:

crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64 km (1991)

Ports:

Durres, Sarande, Vlore

Merchant marine:

11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 52,967 GRT/76,887 DWT

Airports:

total:

12

usable:

10

with permanent-surface runways:

3

with runways over 3,659 m:

0

with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

6

with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

4

Telecommunications:

inadequate service; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 1

TV; 514,000 radios, 255,000 TVs (1987 est.)

@Albania, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Interior Ministry Troops

Manpower availability:

males age 15–49 906,938; fit for military service 746,945; reach

military age (19) annually 33,184 (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures:

215 million leke, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense

expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could

produce misleading results

@Algeria, Geography

Location:

Northern Africa, along the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and

Tunisia

Map references:

Africa, Europe

Area:

total area:

2,381,740 sq km

land area:

2,381,740 sq km

comparative area:

slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas

Land boundaries:

total 6,343 km, Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km,

Morocco 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km

Coastline:

998 km

Maritime claims:

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

Libya claims part of southeastern Algeria; land boundary dispute with

Tunisia settled in 1993

Climate:

arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast;

drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a

hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer

Terrain:

mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous

coastal plain

Natural resources:

petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc

Land use:

arable land:

3%

permanent crops:

0%

meadows and pastures:

13%

forest and woodland:

2%

other:

82%

Irrigated land:

3,360 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:

current issues:

soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming practices;

desertification; dumping of untreated sewage, petroleum refining

wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the pollution of

rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in particular, becoming

polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and fertilizer runoff; limited

supply of potable water

natural hazards:

mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes

international agreements:

party to - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands;

signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test

Ban

Note:

second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan)

@Algeria, People

Population:

27,895,068 (July 1994 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.29% (1994 est.)

Birth rate:

29.71 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Death rate:

6.22 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Net migration rate:

−0.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

52.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

67.68 years

male:

66.63 years

female:

68.77 years (1994 est.)

Total fertility rate:

3.83 children born/woman (1994 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Algerian(s)

adjective:

Algerian

Ethnic divisions:

Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%

Religions:

Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1%

Languages:

Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

total population:

57%

male:

70%

female:

46%

Labor force:

6.2 million (1992 est.)

by occupation:

government 29.5%, agriculture 22%, construction and public works

16.2%, industry 13.6%, commerce and services 13.5%, transportation and

communication 5.2% (1989)

@Algeria, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria

conventional short form:

Algeria

local long form:

Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Shabiyah

local short form:

Al Jaza'ir

Digraph:

AG

Type:

republic

Capital:

Algiers

Administrative divisions:

48 provinces (wilayast, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain

Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj

Bou Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El

Bayadh, El Oued, El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela,

Laghouat, Mascara, Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran,

Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes,

Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanghasset, Tebessa, Tiaret, Tindouf, Tipaza,

Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen

Independence:

5 July 1962 (from France)

National holiday:

Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 November (1954)

Constitution:

19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November 1988

and 23 February 1989

Legal system:

socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of

legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various

public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; has not

accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state:

President Lamine ZEROUAL (since 31 January 1994); next election to be

held after a three-year transition period which began on 31 January

1994

head of government:

Prime Minister Mokdad SIFI (since 11 April 1994)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister

Legislative branch:

unicameral

National People's Assembly (Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani):

elections first round held on 26 December 1991 (second round canceled

by the military after President BENDJEDID resigned 11 January 1992,

effectively suspending the Assembly); results - percent of vote by

party NA; seats - (281 total); the fundamentalist FIS won 188 of the

231 seats contested in the first round; note - elections (municipal

and wilaya) were held in June 1990, the first in Algerian history;

results - FIS 55%, FLN 27.5%, other 17.5%, with 65% of the voters

participating

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Political parties and leaders:

Islamic Salvation Front (FIS, outlawed April 1992), Ali BELHADJ, Dr.

Abassi MADANI, Abdelkader HACHANI (all under arrest), Rabeh KEBIR

(self-exile in Germany); National Liberation Front (FLN), Abdelhamid

MEHRI, Secretary General; Socialist Forces Front (FFS), Hocine Ait

AHMED, Secretary General

note:

the government established a multiparty system in September 1989 and,

as of 31 December 1990, over 50 legal parties existed

Member of:

ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24,

G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,

INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer),

OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNTAC,

UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Nourredine Yazid ZERHOUNI

chancery:

2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 265–2800

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Mary Ann CASEY

embassy:

4 Chemin Cheikh Bachir El-Ibrahimi, Algiers

mailing address:

B. P. Box 549, Alger-Gare, 16000 Algiers

telephone:

[213] (2) 601–425, 255, 186

FAX:

[213] (2) 603979

consulate(s):

Oran

Flag:

two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white with a red

five-pointed star within a red crescent; the crescent, star, and color

green are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion)

@Algeria, Economy

Overview:

The hydrocarbons sector is the backbone of the economy, accounting for

roughly 57% of government revenues, 25% of GDP, and almost all export

earnings; Algeria has the fifth largest reserves of natural gas in the

world and ranks fourteenth for oil. Algiers' efforts to reform one of

the most centrally planned economies in the Arab world began after the

1986 collapse of world oil prices plunged the country into a severe

recession. In 1989, the government launched a comprehensive,

IMF-supported program to achieve macroeconomic stabilization and to

introduce market mechanisms into the economy. Despite substantial

progress toward macroeconomic adjustment, in 1992 the reform drive

stalled as Algiers became embroiled in political turmoil. In September

1993, a new government was formed, one of whose priorities was the

resumption and acceleration of the structural adjustment process.

Buffeted by the slump in world oil prices and burdened with a heavy

foreign debt, Algiers in 1993 resumed negotiations with the IMF and is

on track to conclude a standby arrangement with the Fund in 1994.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $89 billion (1993 est.)

National product real growth rate:

1% (1993 est.)

National product per capita:

$3,300 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

22% (1993 est.)

Unemployment rate:

22% (1993 est.)

Budget:

revenues:

$14.4 billion

expenditures:

$14.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.5 billion (1992

est.)

Exports:

$11.4 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)

commodities:

petroleum and natural gas 97%

partners:

Italy 21%, France 16%, US 14%, Germany 13%, Spain 9%

Imports:

$9 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)

commodities:

capital goods 39.7%, food and beverages 21.7%, consumer goods 11.8%

(1990)

partners:

France 29%, Italy 14%, Spain 9%, US 9%, Germany 7%

External debt:

$26 billion (1994)

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%

Electricity:

capacity:

6,380,000 kW

production:

16.384 billion kWh

consumption per capita:

630 kWh (1992)

Industries:

petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, electrical,

petrochemical, food processing

Agriculture:

accounts for 12.8% of GDP (1993 est.) and employs 22% of labor force;

products- wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits, sheep,

cattle; net importer of food - grain, vegetable oil, sugar

Economic aid:

recipient:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70–85), $1.4 billion; Western

(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970–89), $925

million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979–89), $1.8 billion; Communist

countries (1970–89), $2.7 billion; net official disbursements

(1985–89), $375 million

Currency:

1 Algerian dinar (DA) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

Algerian dinars (DA) per US$1 - 36.008 (April 1994), 23.345 (1993),

21.836 (1992), 18.473 (1991), 8.958 (1990), 7.6086 (1989)

Fiscal year:

calendar year