Читать книгу The 1994 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 14

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@Bolivia, Communications

Railroads:

3,684 km total, all narrow gauge; 3,652 km 1.000-meter gauge and 32 km

0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single track

Highways:

total:

42,815 km

paved:

1,865 km

unpaved:

gravel 12,000 km; improved/unimproved earth 28,950 km

Inland waterways:

10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways

Pipelines:

crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas 1,495 km

Ports:

none; maritime outlets are Arica and Antofagasta in Chile, Matarani

and Ilo in Peru

Merchant marine:

1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,214 GRT/6,390 DWT

Airports:

total:

1,395

usable:

1,188

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

165

Telecommunications:

very poor telephone service for the general population; 144,300

telephones - 18.7 telephones per 1,000 persons; microwave radio relay

system being expanded; improved international services; broadcast

stations - 129 AM, no FM, 43 TV, 68 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean

INTELSAT earth station

@Bolivia, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy includes Marines (La Fuerza Naval

Boliviana), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana), National Police Force

( Policia Nacional de Bolivia)

Manpower availability:

males age 15–49 1,835,661; fit for military service 1,194,077; reach

military age (19) annually 79,580 (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $130.48 million; NA% of GDP (1994 est.)

@Bosnia and Herzegovina

Header

Note:

Bosnia and Herzegovina is suffering from interethnic civil strife

which began in March 1992 after the Government of Bosnia and

Herzegovina held a referendum on independence. Bosnia's Serbs -

supported by neighboring Serbia - responded with armed resistance

aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining

Serb-held areas to a "greater Serbia." Since the onset of the

conflict, which has driven approximately half of the pre-war

population of 4.4 million from their homes, both the Bosnian Serbs and

the Bosnian Croats have asserted control of more than three-quarters

of the territory formerly under the control of the Government of

Bosnia and Herzegovina. The UN and the EU are continuing to try to

mediate a plan for peace. In March 1994 Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian

Croats signed an agreement in Washington, DC, creating a Federation of

Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is to include territories in which

Muslims or Croats predominated, according to the 1991 census. Bosnian

Serbs refused to become a part of this Federation.

@Bosnia and Herzegovina, Geography

Location:

Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, between

Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro

Map references:

Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe,

Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

51,233 sq km

land area:

51,233 sq km

comparative area:

slightly larger than Tennessee

Land boundaries:

total 1,459 km, Croatia 932 km, Serbia and Montenegro 527 km (312 km

with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro)

Coastline:

20 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

200-m depth

exclusive economic zone:

12 nm

exclusive fishing zone:

12 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

as of May 1994, members of the Bosnian Serb armed factions, desirous

of establishing a separate state linked with neighboring Serbia,

occupied 70% of Bosnia after having killed or driven out non-Serb

inhabitants; the Bosnian Croats, occupied and declared an independent

state in an additional 10% of Bosnia in 1993, but in March 1994, this

faction and the Bosnian Government settled their dispute and entered

into a bicommunal Federation; a Bosnian Government army commander who

opposes the leadership of Bosnian President IZETBEGOVIC is leading an

insurrection in the government-held enclave of Bihac

Climate:

hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool

summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast

Terrain:

mountains and valleys

Natural resources:

coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, timber, wood products, copper,

chromium, lead, zinc

Land use:

arable land:

20%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

25%

forest and woodland:

36%

other:

17%

Irrigated land:

NA sq km

Environment:

current issues:

air pollution from metallurgical plants; water scarce; sites for

disposing of urban waste are limited; widespread casualties and

destruction of infrastructure because of civil strife

natural hazards:

subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes

international agreements:

party to - Air Pollution, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer

Protection

@Bosnia and Herzegovina, People

Population: 4,651,485 (July 1994 est.) note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing Population growth rate: 0.69% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 13.33 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 6.39 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.13 years male: 72.43 years female: 78.02 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.61 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s) adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian Ethnic divisions: Muslim 44%, Serb 31%, Croat 17%, other 8% Religions: Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%, other 10% Languages: Serbo-Croatian 99% Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% Labor force: 1,026,254 by occupation: agriculture 2%, industry, mining 45% (1991 est.)

@Bosnia and Herzegovina, Government

Note:

The US recognizes the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The

Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a new government being formed

by the Muslims and Croats. On 31 May 1994 a Croat president, Kresimir

ZUBAK, and a Muslim vice president, Ejup GANIC, were elected. Haris

SILAJDZIC, who is prime minister of the Republic, is also the prime

minister of the Federation.

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

conventional short form:

Bosnia and Herzegovina

local long form:

Republika Bosna i Hercegovina

local short form:

Bosna i Hercegovina

Digraph:

Type:

emerging democracy

Capital:

Sarajevo

Administrative divisions:

109 districts (opstinas, singular - opstina) Banovici, Banja Luka,

Bihac, Bijeljina, Bileca, Bosanska Dubica, Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanska

Krupa, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Novi, Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanski

Samac, Bosansko Grahovo, Bratunac, Brcko, Breza, Bugojno, Busovaca,

Cazin, Cajnice, Capljina, Celinac, Citluk, Derventa, Doboj, Donji

Vakuf, Foca, Fojnica, Gacko, Glamoc, Gorazde, Gornji Vakuf, Gracanica,

Gradacac, Grude, Han Pijesak, Jablanica, Jajce, Kakanj, Kalesija,

Kalinovik, Kiseljak, Kladanj, Kljuc, Konjic, Kotor Varos, Kresevo,

Kupres, Laktasi, Listica, Livno, Lopare, Lukavac, Ljubinje, Ljubuski,

Maglaj, Modrica, Mostar, Mrkonjic-Grad, Neum, Nevesinje, Odzak, Olovo,

Orasje, Posusje, Prijedor, Prnjavor, Prozor, (Pucarevo) Novi Travnik,

Rogatica, Rudo, Sanski Most, Sarajevo-Centar, Sarajevo-Hadzici,

Sarajevo-Ilidza, Sarajevo-Ilijas, Sarajevo-Novi Grad, Sarajevo-Novo,

Sarajevo-Pale, Sarajevo-Stari Grad, Sarajevo-Trnovo, Sarajevo-Vogosca,

Skender Vakuf, Sokolac, Srbac, Srebrenica, Srebrenik, Stolac,

Sekovici, Sipovo, Teslic, Tesanj, Drvar, Duvno, Travnik, Trebinje,

Tuzla, Ugljevik, Vares, Velika Kladusa, Visoko, Visegrad, Vitez,

Vlasenica, Zavidovici, Zenica, Zvornik, Zepce, Zivinice

note:

currently under negotiation with the assistance of international

mediators

Independence:

NA April 1992 (from Yugoslavia)

National holiday:

Constitution:

promulgated in 1974 (under the Communists), amended 1989, 1990, and

1991; the Assembly planned to draft a new constitution in 1991, before

conditions deteriorated; constitution of Federation of Bosnia and

Herzegovina (including Muslim and Croatian controlled parts of

Republic) ratified April 1994

Legal system:

based on civil law system

Suffrage:

16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Executive branch:

chief of state:

President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since 20 December 1990), other members of

the collective presidency: Ejup GANIC (since NA November 1990), Nijaz

DURAKOVIC (since NA October 1993), Stjepan KLJUJIC (since NA October

1993), Ivo KOMSIC (since NA October 1993), Mirko PEJANOVIC (since NA

June 1992), Tatjana LJUJIC-MIJATOVIC (since NA December 1992)

head of government:

Prime Minister Haris SILAJDZIC (since NA October 1993); Deputy Prime

Minister Edib BUKVIC (since NA October 1993)

cabinet:

executive body of ministers; members of, and responsible to, the

National Assembly

Legislative branch:

bicameral National Assembly

Chamber of Municipalities (Vijece Opeina):

elections last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA);

percent of vote by party NA; seats - (110 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 38,

HDZ BiH 23, Party of Democratic Changes 4, DSS 1, SPO 1

Chamber of Citizens (Vijece Gradanstvo):

elections last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA);

percent of vote by party NA; seats - (130 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 34,

HDZ BiH 21, Party of Democratic Changes 15, SRSJ BiH 12, MBO 2, DSS 1,

DSZ 1, LS 1

note:

legislative elections for Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina are

slated for late 1994

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court, Constitutional Court

Political parties and leaders:

Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Alija IZETBEGOVIC; Croatian

Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH), KresimirZUBAK;

Serbian Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SDS BiH), Radovan

KARADZIC, president; Muslim-Bosnian Organization (MBO), Adil

ZULFIKARPASIC, president; Democratic Party of Socialists (DSS), Nijaz

DURAKOVIC, president; Party of Democratic Changes, leader NA; Serbian

Movement for Renewal (SPO), Milan TRIVUNCIC; Alliance of Reform Forces

of Yugoslavia for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SRSJ BiH), Dr. Nenad

KECMANOVIC, president; Democratic League of Greens (DSZ), Drazen

PETROVIC; Liberal Party (LS), Rasim KADIC, president

Other political or pressure groups:

Member of:

CEI, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, ILO, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user),

INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

(vacant); Minister-Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Seven

ALKALAJ

chancery:

Suite 760, 1707 L Street NW, Washington, DC 10036

telephone:

(202) 833–3612, 3613, and 3615

FAX:

(202) 833–2061

consulate(s) general:

New York

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Victor JACKOVICH

embassy:

address NA

mailing address:

telephone:

FAX:

Flag:

white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white Roman

crosses with a white diagonal band running from the upper hoist corner

to the lower fly side

@Bosnia and Herzegovina, Economy

Overview:

Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to The Former Yugoslav Republic of

Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav federation.

Although agriculture has been almost all in private hands, farms have

been small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally has been a

net importer of food. Industry has been greatly overstaffed, one

reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning and

management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in

the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of

Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of April 1994, Bosnia and Herzegovina

was being torn apart by the continued bitter interethnic warfare that

has caused production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar,

and human misery to multiply. No reliable economic statistics for

1992–93 are available, although output clearly has fallen

substantially below the levels of earlier years.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $NA

National product real growth rate:

NA%

National product per capita:

$NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

NA%

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues:

$NA

expenditures:

$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

$NA

commodities:

partners:

Imports:

$NA

commodities:

partners:

External debt:

$NA

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%; production is sharply down because of interethnic and

interrepublic warfare (1991–93)

Electricity:

capacity:

NA kW

production:

NA kWh

consumption per capita:

NA kWh

Industries:

steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and

bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products,

wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's armaments including tank

and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining (1991)

Agriculture:

accounted for 9.0% of GDP in 1989; regularly produces less than 50% of

food needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards,

vineyards, livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy

precipitation leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the

mountains; farms are mostly privately held, small, and not very

productive (1991)

Illicit drugs:

Economic aid:

$NA

Currency:

1 dinar = 100 para; Croatian dinar used in Croat-held area, presumably

to be replaced by new Croatian kuna; old and new Serbian dinars used

in Serb-held area; hard currencies probably supplanting local

currencies in areas held by Bosnian government

Exchange rates:

Fiscal year:

calendar year

@Bosnia and Herzegovina, Communications

Railroads:

NA km

Highways:

total:

21,168 km

paved:

11,436 km

unpaved:

gravel 8,146 km; earth 1,586 km (1991)

Inland waterways:

NA km

Pipelines:

crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992); note - pipelines now

disrupted

Ports:

coastal - none; inland - Bosanski Brod on the Sava River

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3659:

with runways 2440–3659 m:

with runways 1220–2439 m:

Telecommunications:

telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and

expansion, many urban areas being below average compared with services

in other former Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast

stations - 9 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; satellite

ground stations - none

@Bosnia and Herzegovina, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army

Manpower availability:

males age 15–49 1,298,102; fit for military service 1,054,068; reach

military age (19) annually 38,283 (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures:

$NA, NA% of GDP

@Botswana, Geography

Location:

Southern Africa, north of South Africa

Map references:

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

600,370 sq km

land area:

585,370 sq km

comparative area:

slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:

total 4,013 km, Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813

Coastline:

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

none; landlocked

International disputes:

short section of boundary with Namibia is indefinite; quadripoint with

Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; recent dispute with

Namibia over uninhabited Kasikili (Sidudu) Island in Linyanti (Chobe)

River

Climate:

semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

Terrain:

predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in

southwest

Natural resources:

diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore,

silver

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

75%

forest and woodland:

other:

21%

Irrigated land:

20 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:

current issues:

overgrazing; desertification; water scarcity

natural hazards:

international agreements:

party to - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear

Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified -

Biodiversity

Note:

landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the country

@Botswana, People

Population:

1,359,352 (July 1994 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.45% (1994 est.)

Birth rate:

32.19 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Death rate:

7.72 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

39.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

63.05 years

male:

60.03 years

female:

66.16 years (1994 est.)

Total fertility rate:

4.06 children born/woman (1994 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)

adjective:

Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)

Ethnic divisions:

Batswana 95%, Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi 4%, white 1%

Religions:

indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50%

Languages:

English (official), Setswana

Literacy:

age 15 and over able to read and write simple sentences (1990 est.)

total population:

23%

male:

32%

female:

16%

Labor force:

428,000 (1992)

by occupation:

220,000 formal sector employees, most others are engaged in cattle

raising and subsistence agriculture (1992 est.); 14,300 are employed

in various mines in South Africa (March 1992)

@Botswana, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Botswana

conventional short form:

Botswana

former:

Bechuanaland

Digraph:

Type:

parliamentary republic

Capital:

Gaborone

Administrative divisions:

10 districts; Central, Chobe, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng,

Ngamiland, North-East, South-East, Southern; in addition, there are 4

town councils - Francistown, Gaborone, Lobaste, Selebi-Phikwe

Independence:

30 September 1966 (from UK)

National holiday:

Independence Day, 30 September (1966)

Constitution:

March 1965, effective 30 September 1966

Legal system:

based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review

limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

jurisdiction

Suffrage:

21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state and head of government:

President Sir Ketumile MASIRE (since 13 July 1980); Vice President

Festus MOGAE (since 9 March 1992); election last held 7 October 1989

(next to be held October 1994); results - President Sir Ketumile

MASIRE was reelected by the National Assembly

cabinet:

Cabinet; appointed by the president

Legislative branch:

bicameral Parliament

House of Chiefs:

is a largely advisory 15-member body consisting of chiefs of the 8

principal tribes, 4 elected subchiefs, and 3 members selected by the

other 12

National Assembly:

elections last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994);

results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total of which 34

are elected and 4 are appointed) BDP 31, BNF 3, unfilled seats pending

new elections 4

Judicial branch:

High Court, Court of Appeal

Political parties and leaders:

Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Sir Ketumile MASIRE; Botswana

National Front (BNF), Kenneth KOMA; Botswana People's Party (BPP),

Knight MARIPE; Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai MPHO

Member of:

ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,

IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,

LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ,

UNOMUR, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Botsweletse Kingsley SEBELE

chancery:

Suite 7M, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 244–4990 or 4991

FAX:

(202) 244–4164

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Howard JETER

embassy:

address NA, Gaborone

mailing address:

P. O. Box 90, Gaborone

telephone:

[267] 353–982

FAX:

[267] 356–947

Flag:

light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center

@Botswana, Economy

Overview:

The economy has historically been based on cattle raising and crops.

Agriculture today provides a livelihood for more than 80% of the

population, but produces only about 50% of food needs. The driving

force behind the rapid economic growth of the 1970s and 1980s has been

the mining industry. This sector, mostly on the strength of diamonds,

has gone from generating 25% of GDP in 1980 to 50% in 1991. No other

sector has experienced such growth, especially not agriculture, which

is plagued by erratic rainfall and poor soils. The unemployment rate

remains a problem at 25%. Although diamond production was down

slightly in 1992, substantial gains in coal output and manufacturing

helped boost the economy. Recovery in sluggish diamond markets in

second half 1993 helped Botswana achieve moderate growth of 3% for the

year.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $6 billion (1993 est.)

National product real growth rate:

3% (1993 est.)

National product per capita:

$4,500 (1993 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

14% (1993 est.)

Unemployment rate:

25% (1993 est.)

Budget:

revenues:

$1.7 billion

expenditures:

$1.99 billion, including capital expenditures of $652 million (FY94)

Exports:

$1.7 billion (f.o.b. 1992)

commodities:

diamonds 78%, copper and nickel 6%, meat 5%

partners:

Switzerland, UK, SACU (Southern African Customs Union)

Imports:

$1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

commodities:

foodstuffs, vehicles and transport equipment, textiles, petroleum

products

partners:

Switzerland, SACU (Southern African Customs Union), UK, US

External debt:

$344 million (December 1991)

Industrial production:

growth rate 6.8% (FY91); accounts for about 53% of GDP, including

mining

Electricity:

capacity:

220,000 kW

production:

901 million kWh (in addition 228,000,000 kWh were imported)

consumption per capita:

874 kWh (1992 est.)

Industries:

mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash;

livestock processing

Agriculture:

accounts for only 5% of GDP; subsistence farming predominates; cattle

raising supports 50% of the population; must import up to of 80% of

food needs

Economic aid:

recipient:

US aid (1992), $13 million; Norway (1992), $16 million; Sweden (1992),

$15.5 million; Germany (1992), $3.6 million; EC/Lome-IV (1992), $3–6

million in grants; $28.7 million in long-term projects (1992)

Currency:

1 pula (P) = 100 thebe

Exchange rates:

pula (P) per US$1 - 3.1309 (January 1994), 2.4190 (1993), 2.1327

(1992), 2.0173 (1991), 1.8601 (1990), 2.0125 (1989)

Fiscal year:

1 April - 31 March

@Botswana, Communications

Railroads:

712 km 1.067-meter gauge

Highways:

total:

11,514 km

paved:

1,600 km

unpaved:

crushed stone, gravel 1,700 km; improved earth 5,177 km; unimproved

earth 3,037 km

Airports:

total:

101

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, microwave radio

relay links, and a few radio-communications stations; 26,000

telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 13 FM, no TV; 1 Indian Ocean

INTELSAT earth station

@Botswana, Defense Forces

Branches:

Botswana Defense Force (including Army and Air Wing), Botswana

National Police

Manpower availability:

males age 15–49 294,603; fit for military service 154,997; reach

military age (18) annually 15,156 (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $196 million, 4.9% of GDP (FY93/94)

@Bouvet Island

Header Affiliation: (territory of Norway)

@Bouvet Island, Geography

Location: Southern Africa, in the South Atlantic Ocean, 2,575 km south-southwest of the Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) Map references: Antarctic Region Area: total area: 58 sq km land area: 58 sq km comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 29.6 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 4 nm International disputes: none Climate: antarctic Terrain: volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; coast is mostly inaccessible Natural resources: none Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% (all ice) Irrigated land: 0 sq km Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: NA international agreements: NA Note: covered by glacial ice

@Bouvet Island, People

Population: uninhabited

@Bouvet Island, Government

Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Bouvet Island Digraph: BV Type: territory of Norway Capital: none; administered from Oslo, Norway Independence: none (territory of Norway)

@Bouvet Island, Economy

Overview: no economic activity

@Bouvet Island, Communications

Ports:

none; offshore anchorage only

Telecommunications:

automatic meteorological station

@Bouvet Island, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of Norway

@Brazil, Geography

Location:

Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean

Map references:

South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

8,511,965 sq km

land area:

8,456,510 sq km

comparative area:

slightly smaller than the US

note:

includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da

Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo

Land boundaries:

total 14,691 km, Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia 1,643

km, French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru

1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km

Coastline:

7,491 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

24 nm

continental shelf:

200-m depth or to depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

short section of the boundary with Paraguay, just west of Salto das

Sete Quedas (Guaira Falls) on the Rio Parana, is in dispute; two short

sections of boundary with Uruguay are in dispute - Arroio Invernada

(Arroyo de la Invernada) area of the Rio Quarai (Rio Cuareim) and the

islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai and the Uruguay River

Climate:

mostly tropical, but temperate in south

Terrain:

mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills,

mountains, and narrow coastal belt

Natural resources:

iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, phosphates, tin,

hydropower, gold, platinum, petroleum, timber

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

19%

forest and woodland:

67%

other:

Irrigated land:

27,000 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:

current issues:

deforestation in Amazon Basin; air and water pollution in Rio de

Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation

and water pollution caused by improper mining activities

natural hazards:

recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south

international agreements:

party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered

Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,

Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Antarctic-Environmental

Protocol, Tropical Timber

Note:

largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every

South American country except Chile and Ecuador

@Brazil, People

Population: 158,739,257 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 1.28% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 21.48 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 8.63 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 59.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 62.25 years male: 57.41 years female: 67.32 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.44 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Brazilian(s) adjective: Brazilian Ethnic divisions: Portuguese, Italian, German, Japanese, Amerindian, black 6%, white 55%, mixed 38%, other 1% Religions: Roman Catholic (nominal) 70% Languages: Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 81% male: 82% female: 80% Labor force: 57 million (1989 est.) by occupation: services 42%, agriculture 31%, industry 27%

@Brazil, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Federative Republic of Brazil

conventional short form:

Brazil

local long form:

Republica Federativa do Brasil

local short form:

Brasil

Digraph:

Type:

federal republic

Capital:

Brasilia

Administrative divisions:

26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district*

(distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara,

Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato

Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui,

Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia,

Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins

Independence:

7 September 1822 (from Portugal)

National holiday:

Independence Day, 7 September (1822)

Constitution:

5 October 1988

Legal system:

based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:

voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory over

18 and under 70 years of age

Executive branch:

chief of state and head of government:

President Itamar FRANCO (since 29 December 1992); election last held

15 November 1989, with runoff on 17 December 1989 (next to be held

October 1994); results - Fernando COLLOR de Mello 53%, Luis Inacio

LULA da Silva 47%; note - first free, direct presidential election

since 1960; Fernando COLLOR de Mello was impeached in December 1992

and succeeded by former Vice President Itamar FRANCO

cabinet:

Cabinet; appointed by the president

Legislative branch:

bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional)

Federal Senate (Senado Federal):

election last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held October 1994);

results - percent of vote by party PMBD 33%, PFL 16%, PSDB 12%, PDS

4%, PDT 6%, PT 1%, other 28%; seats - (81 total as of 3 February 1991)

PMDB 27, PFL 15, PSDB 10, PTB 8, PDT 5, other 16

Chamber of Deputies (Camara dos Deputados):

election last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held October 1994);

results - PMDB 21%, PFL 17%, PDT 9%, PDS 8%, PRN 7.9%, PTB 7%, PT 7%,

other 23.1%; seats - (503 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 108, PFL

87, PDT 46, PDS 43, PRN 40, PTB 35, PT 35, other 109

Judicial branch:

Supreme Federal Tribunal

Political parties and leaders:

National Reconstruction Party (PRN), Daniel TOURINHO, president;

Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Luiz HENRIQUE da Silveira,

president; Liberal Front Party (PFL), Jorge BORNHAUSEN, president;

Workers' Party (PT), Luis Inacio LULA da Silva, president; Brazilian

Workers' Party (PTB), Rodrigues PALMA, president; Democratic Workers'

Party (PDT), Leonel BRIZOLA, president; Progressive Renewal Party

(PPR), Paulo MALUF, president; Brazilian Social Democracy Party

(PSDB), Tasso JEREISSATI, president; Popular Socialist Party (PPS),

Roberto FREIRE, president; Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB), Joao

AMAZONAS, secretary general; Liberal Party (PL), Flavio ROCHA,

president

Other political or pressure groups:

left wing of the Catholic Church and labor unions allied to leftist

Workers' Party are critical of government's social and economic

policies

Member of:

AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77,

GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,

IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,

LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA,

RG, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNOMUR,

UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Paulo Tarso FLECHA de LIMA

chancery:

3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 745–2700

FAX:

(202) 745–2827

consulate(s) general:

Boston, Chicago, Hong Kong (Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands),

Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

consulate(s):

Houston and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Melvyn LEVITSKY

embassy:

Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, Brasilia, Distrito Federal

mailing address:

APO AA 34030

telephone:

[55] (61) 321–7272

FAX:

[55] (61) 225–9136

consulate(s) general:

Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo

consulate(s):

Porto Alegre, Recife

Flag:

green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue

celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each state

and district) arranged in the same pattern as the night sky over

Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E

PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)

@Brazil, Economy

Overview: The economy, with large agrarian, mining, and manufacturing sectors, entered the 1990s with declining real growth, runaway inflation, an unserviceable foreign debt of $122 billion, and a lack of policy direction. In addition, the economy remained highly regulated, inward-looking, and protected by substantial trade and investment barriers. Ownership of major industrial and mining facilities is divided among private interests - including several multinationals - and the government. Most large agricultural holdings are private, with the government channeling financing to this sector. Conflicts between large landholders and landless peasants have produced intermittent violence. The COLLOR government, which assumed office in March 1990, launched an ambitious reform program that sought to modernize and reinvigorate the economy by stabilizing prices, deregulating the economy, and opening it to increased foreign competition. The government also obtained an IMF standby loan in January 1992 and reached agreements with commercial bankers on the repayment of interest arrears and on the reduction of debt and debt service payments. Galloping inflation (the rate doubled in 1992 and by March 1994 had risen to 42% per month) continues to undermine economic stability. Itamar FRANCO, who assumed the presidency following President COLLOR'S resignation in December 1992, was out of step with COLLOR'S reform agenda; initiatives to redress fiscal problems, privatize state enterprises, and liberalize trade and investment policies have lost momentum. Brazil's natural resources remain a major, long-term economic strength National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $785 billion (1993 est.) National product real growth rate: 5% (1993) National product per capita: $5,000 (1993 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2,709% (1993) Unemployment rate: 4.9% (1993) Budget: revenues: $113 billion expenditures: $109 billion, including capital expenditures of $23 billion (1992) Exports: $38.8 billion (f.o.b. 1993) commodities: iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee, motor vehicle parts partners: EC 27.6%, Latin America 21.8%, US 17.4%, Japan 6.3% (1993) Imports: $25.7 billion (f.o.b. 1993) commodities: crude oil, capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs, coal partners: US 23.3%, EC 22.5%, Middle East 13.0%, Latin America 11.8%, Japan 6.5% (1993) External debt: $119 billion (1993) Industrial production: growth rate 9.5% (1993); accounts for 39% of GDP Electricity: capacity: 63,765,000 kW production: 242.184 billion kWh consumption per capita: 1,531 kWh (1992) Industries: textiles and other consumer goods, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto parts, metalworking, capital goods, tin Agriculture: accounts for 11% of GDP; world's largest producer and exporter of coffee and orange juice concentrate and second-largest exporter of soybeans; other products - rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, beef; self-sufficient in food, except for wheat Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for domestic consumption; government has a modest eradication program to control cannabis and coca cultivation; important transshipment country for Bolivian and Colombian cocaine headed for the US and Europe Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70–89), $2.5 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970–89), $10.2 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979–89), $284 million; former Communist countries (1970–89), $1.3 billion Currency: 1 cruzeiro real (CR$) = 100 centavos Exchange rates: CR$ per US$1 - 390.845 (January 1994), 88.449 (1993), 4.513 (1992), 0.407 (1991), 0.068 (1990), 0.003 (1989) note: on 1 August 1993 the cruzeiro real, equal to 1,000 cruzeiros, was introduced; another new currency, the real, will be introduced on 1 July 1994 Fiscal year: calendar year

@Brazil, Communications

Railroads:

30,133 km total; 24,690 km 1.000-meter gauge, 5,120 km 1.600-meter

gauge, 310 km mixed 1.600–1.000-meter gauge, 13 km 0.760-meter gauge;

2,150 km electrified

Highways:

total:

1,670,148 km

paved:

161,503 km

unpaved:

gravel/earth 1,508,645 km (1990)

Inland waterways:

50,000 km navigable

Pipelines:

crude oil 2,000 km; petroleum products 3,804 km; natural gas 1,095 km

Ports:

Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio

de Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos

Merchant marine:

220 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,139,176 GRT/8,695,682 DWT,

bulk 53, cargo 40, chemical tanker 14, combination ore/oil 12,

container 11, liquified gas 11, oil tanker 62, passenger-cargo 5,

refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 11

note:

in addition, 1 naval tanker is sometimes used commercially

Airports:

total:

3,581

usable:

3,024

with permanent-surface runways:

436

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

598

Telecommunications:

good system; extensive microwave radio relay facilities; 9.86 million

telephones; broadcast stations - 1,223 AM, no FM, 112 TV, 151

shortwave; 3 coaxial submarine cables, 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth

stations and 64 domestic satellite earth stations

@Brazil, Defense Forces

Branches:

Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil (including Marines), Brazilian Air

Force, Military Police (paramilitary)

Manpower availability:

males age 15–49 43,489,704; fit for military service 29,286,530; reach

military age (18) annually 1,674,930 (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 3% of GDP (1990)

@British Indian Ocean Territory

Header Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)

@British Indian Ocean Territory, Geography

Location: Southern Asia, in the Indian Ocean, south of India about halfway between Africa and Indonesia Map references: Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 60 sq km land area: 60 sq km comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC note: includes the island of Diego Garcia Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 698 km Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm International disputes: the entire Chagos Archipelago is claimed by Mauritius Climate: tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds Terrain: flat and low (up to 4 meters in elevation) Natural resources: coconuts, fish Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% Irrigated land: 0 sq km Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: NA international agreements: NA Note: archipelago of 2,300 islands; Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost island, occupies strategic location in central Indian Ocean; island is site of joint US-UK military facility

@British Indian Ocean Territory, People

Population:

no indigenous inhabitants

note:

there are UK-US military personnel; civilian inhabitants, known as the

Ilois, evacuated to Mauritius before construction of UK-US military

facilities

@British Indian Ocean Territory, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

British Indian Ocean Territory

conventional short form:

none

Abbreviation:

BIOT

Digraph:

Type:

dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

none

Independence:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

Executive branch:

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

head of government:

Commissioner Thomas GEORGE (since September 1991); Administrator Mr.

R. G. WELLS (since NA 1991); note - both reside in the UK

Diplomatic representation in US:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

US diplomatic representation:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

Flag:

white with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and six

blue wavy horizontal stripes bearing a palm tree and yellow crown

centered on the outer half of the flag

@British Indian Ocean Territory, Economy

Overview:

All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of Diego

Garcia, where joint UK-US defense facilities are located. Construction

projects and various services needed to support the military

installations are done by military and contract employees from the UK,

Mauritius, the Philippines, and the US. There are no industrial or

agricultural activities on the islands.

Electricity:

provided by the US military

@British Indian Ocean Territory, Communications

Highways: total: NA paved: short stretch of paved road between port and airfield on Diego Garcia unpaved: NA Ports: Diego Garcia Airports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 on Diego Garcia with runways 2,440–3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,229–2,439 m: 0 Telecommunications: minimal facilities; broadcast stations (operated by US Navy) - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@British Indian Ocean Territory, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

@British Virgin Islands

Header Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)

@British Virgin Islands, Geography

Location: Caribbean, in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 110 km east of Puerto Rico Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total area: 150 sq km land area: 150 sq km comparative area: about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC note: includes the island of Anegada Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 80 km Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm International disputes: none Climate: subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds Terrain: coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly Natural resources: negligible Land use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 7% meadows and pastures: 33% forest and woodland: 7% other: 33% Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: subject to hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October) international agreements: NA Note: strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico

@British Virgin Islands, People

Population:

12,864 (July 1994 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.24% (1994 est.)

Birth rate:

20.31 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Death rate:

6.09 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Net migration rate:

−1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

19.51 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

72.67 years

male:

70.83 years

female:

74.65 years (1994 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.27 children born/woman (1994 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

British Virgin Islander(s)

adjective:

British Virgin Islander

Ethnic divisions:

black 90%, white, Asian

Religions:

Protestant 86% (Methodist 45%, Anglican 21%, Church of God 7%,

Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, other

2%), Roman Catholic 6%, none 2%, other 6% (1981)

Languages:

English (official)

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1970)

total population:

98%

male:

98%

female:

98%

Labor force:

4,911 (1980)

by occupation:

@British Virgin Islands, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

British Virgin Islands

Abbreviation:

BVI

Digraph:

Type:

dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

Road Town

Administrative divisions:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

Independence:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

National holiday:

Territory Day, 1 July

Constitution:

1 June 1977

Legal system:

English law

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor

Peter Alfred PENFOLD (since 14 October 1991)

head of government:

Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT (since NA September 1986)

cabinet:

Executive Council; appointed by the governor

Legislative branch:

unicameral

Legislative Council:

election last held 12 November 1990 (next to be held by November

1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) VIP 6,

IPM 1, independents 2

Judicial branch:

Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:

United Party (UP), Conrad MADURO; Virgin Islands Party (VIP), H.

Lavity STOUTT; Independent Progressive Movement (IPM), E. Walwyln

BREWLEY

Member of:

CARICOM (associate), CDB, ECLAC (associate), INTERPOL (subbureau),

IOC, OECS (associate), UNESCO (associate)

Diplomatic representation in US:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

US diplomatic representation:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

Flag:

blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the

Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag;

the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical

column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE

(Be Watchful)

@British Virgin Islands, Economy

Overview:

The economy, one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean area, is

highly dependent on the tourist industry, which generates about 21% of

the national income. In 1985 the government offered offshore

registration to companies wishing to incorporate in the islands, and,

in consequence, incorporation fees generated about $2 million in 1987.

The economy slowed in 1991 because of the poor performances of the

tourist sector and tight commercial bank credit. Livestock raising is

the most significant agricultural activity. The islands' crops,

limited by poor soils, are unable to meet food requirements.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $133 million (1991)

National product real growth rate:

2% (1991)

National product per capita:

$10,600 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

2.5% (1990 est.)

Unemployment rate:

NEGL% (1992)

Budget:

revenues:

$51 million

expenditures:

$88 million, including capital expenditures of $38 million (1991)

Exports:

$2.7 million (f.o.b., 1988)

commodities:

rum, fresh fish, gravel, sand, fruits, animals

partners:

Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US

Imports:

$11.5 million (c.i.f., 1988)

commodities:

building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery

partners:

Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US

External debt:

$4.5 million (1985)

Industrial production:

growth rate 4% (1985)

Electricity:

capacity:

10,500 kW

production:

43 million kWh

consumption per capita:

3,510 kWh (1990)

Industries:

tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block, offshore

financial center

Agriculture:

livestock (including poultry), fish, fruit, vegetables

Economic aid:

$NA

Currency:

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

US currency is used

Fiscal year:

1 April - 31 March

@British Virgin Islands, Communications

Highways:

total:

106 km (1983)

paved:

unpaved:

Ports:

Road Town

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

3,000 telephones; worldwide external telephone service; submarine

cable communication links to Bermuda; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no

FM, 1 TV

@British Virgin Islands, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

@Brunei, Geography

Location:

Southeastern Asia, on the northern coast of Borneo almost completely

surrounded by Malaysia

Map references:

Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

5,770 sq km

land area:

5,270 sq km

comparative area:

slightly larger than Delaware

Land boundaries:

total 381 km, Malysia 381 km

Coastline:

161 km

Maritime claims:

exclusive fishing zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides the country;

all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam;

parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984,

Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa

Reef, but has not publicly claimed the island

Climate:

tropical; hot, humid, rainy

Terrain:

flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west

Natural resources:

petroleum, natural gas, timber

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

79%

other:

18%

Irrigated land:

10 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:

current issues:

international agreements:

party to - Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not

ratified - Law of the Sea

natural hazards:

typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare

Note:

close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and

Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an

enclave of Malaysia

@Brunei, People

Population:

284,653 (July 1994 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.7% (1994 est.)

Birth rate:

26.18 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Death rate:

5.04 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Net migration rate:

5.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

25.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

71.1 years

male:

69.46 years

female:

72.78 years (1994 est.)

Total fertility rate:

3.43 children born/woman (1994 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Bruneian(s)

adjective:

Bruneian

Ethnic divisions:

Malay 64%, Chinese 20%, other 16%

Religions:

Muslim (official) 63%, Buddhism 14%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs

and other 15% (1981)

Languages:

Malay (official), English, Chinese

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1981)

total population:

77%

male:

85%

female:

69%

Labor force:

89,000 (includes members of the Army)

by occupation:

government 47.5%, production of oil, natural gas, services, and

construction 41.9%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 3.8% (1986)

note:

33% of labor force is foreign (1988)

@Brunei, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Negara Brunei Darussalam

conventional short form:

Brunei

Digraph:

Type:

constitutional sultanate

Capital:

Bandar Seri Begawan

Administrative divisions:

4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait, Brunei and

Muara, Temburong, Tutong

Independence:

1 January 1984 (from UK)

National holiday:

National Day 23 February (1984)

Constitution:

29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of

Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January

1984)

Legal system:

based on Islamic law

Suffrage:

none

Executive branch:

chief of state and head of government:

Sultan and Prime Minister His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji

HASSANAL Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967)

cabinet:

Council of Cabinet Ministers; composed chiefly of members of the royal

family

Legislative branch:

unicameral

Legislative Council (Majlis Masyuarat Megeri):

elections last held in March 1962; in 1970 the Council was changed to

an appointive body by decree of the sultan; an elected legislative

Council is being considered as part of constitution reform, but

elections are unlikely for several years

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:

Brunei United National Party (inactive), Anak HASANUDDIN, chairman;

Brunei National Democratic Party (the first legal political party and

now banned), leader NA

Member of:

APEC, ASEAN, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, ICAO, IDB, IMO, INTELSAT

(nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM,

OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, UNTAC, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador JAYA bin Abdul Latif

chancery:

2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20037

telephone:

(202) 342–0159

FAX:

(202) 342–0158

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Theresa A. TULL

embassy:

Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri Begawan

mailing address:

American Embassy Box B, APO AP 96440

telephone:

[673] (2) 229–670

FAX:

[673] (2) 225–293

Flag:

yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and

black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red

is superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed

flag on top of a winged column within an upturned crescent above a

scroll and flanked by two upraised hands

@Brunei, Economy

Overview:

The economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship,

government regulation and welfare measures, and village tradition. It

is almost totally supported by exports of crude oil and natural gas,

with revenues from the petroleum sector accounting for more than 50%

of GDP. Per capita GDP is among the highest in the Third World, and

substantial income from overseas investment supplements domestic

production. The government provides for all medical services and

subsidizes food and housing.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

1% (1991)

National product per capita:

$9,000 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

2% (1993 est.)

Unemployment rate:

3.7% (1989)

Budget:

revenues:

$1.3 billion

expenditures:

$1.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $255 million (1989

est.)

Exports:

$2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

commodities:

crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products

partners:

Japan 53%, UK 12%, South Korea 9%, Thailand 7%, Singapore 5% (1990)

Imports:

$2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

commodities:

machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals

partners:

Singapore 35%, UK 26%, Switzerland 9%, US 9%, Japan 5% (1990)

External debt:

Industrial production:

growth rate 12.9% (1987); accounts for 52.4% of GDP

Electricity:

capacity:

310,000 kW

production:

890 million kWh

consumption per capita:

3,300 kWh (1990)

Industries:

petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction

Agriculture:

imports about 80% of its food needs; principal crops and livestock

include rice, cassava, bananas, buffaloes, and pigs

Economic aid:

recipient:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70–87), $20.6 million; Western

(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970–89), $153

million

Currency:

1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1 - 1.6032 (January 1994), 1.6158 (1993),

1.6290 (1992), 1.7276 (1991), 1.8125 (1990), 1.9503 (1989); note - the

Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar

Fiscal year:

calendar year

@Brunei, Communications

Railroads:

13 km 0.610-meter narrow-gauge private line

Highways:

total:

1,090 km

paved:

bituminous 370 km (with another 52 km under construction)

unpaved:

gravel or earth 720 km

Inland waterways:

209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 meters

Pipelines:

crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920 km

Ports:

Kuala Belait, Muara

Merchant marine:

7 liquefied gas carriers (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476

GRT/340,635 DWT

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runway over 3,659 m:

with runway 2,440–3,659 m:

with runway 1,220–2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

service throughout country is adequate for present needs;

international service good to adjacent Malaysia; radiobroadcast

coverage good; 33,000 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 4 AM/FM,

1 TV; 74,000 radio receivers (1987); satellite earth stations - 1

Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT

@Brunei, Defense Forces

Branches:

Land Force, Navy, Air Force, Royal Brunei Police

Manpower availability:

males age 15–49 79,486; fit for military service 46,258; reach

military age (18) annually 2,756 (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 9% of GDP (1990)

@Bulgaria, Geography

Location:

Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between

Romania and Turkey

Map references:

Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Middle

East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

110,910 sq km

land area:

110,550 sq km

comparative area:

slightly larger than Tennessee

Land boundaries:

total 1,808 km, Greece 494 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of

Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia and Montenegro 318 km (all

with Serbia), Turkey 240 km

Coastline:

354 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

24 nm

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers

Terrain:

mostly mountains with lowlands in north and south

Natural resources:

bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land

Land use:

arable land:

34%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

18%

forest and woodland:

35%

other:

10%

Irrigated land:

10 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:

current issues:

air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw

sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from

air pollution; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical

plants and industrial wastes

natural hazards:

subject to earthquakes, landslides

international agreements:

party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Sulphur, Antarctic Treaty, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Volatile

Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Law of the Sea

Note:

strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from

Europe to Middle East and Asia

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