Читать книгу The 1993 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 13

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*Belarus, Economy

Electricity:

8,025,000 kW capacity; 37,600 million kWh produced, 3,626 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

employ about 27% of labor force and produce a wide variety of products

essential to the other states; products include (in percent share of total

output of former Soviet Union): tractors (12%); metal-cutting machine tools

(11%); off-highway dump trucks up to 110-metric-ton load capacity (100%);

wheel-type earthmovers for construction and mining (100%); eight-

wheel-drive, high-flotation trucks with cargo capacity of 25 metric tons for

use in tundra and roadless areas (100%); equipment for animal husbandry and

livestock feeding (25%); motorcycles (21.3%); television sets (11%);

chemical fibers (28%); fertilizer (18%); linen fabric (11%); wool fabric

(7%); radios; refrigerators; and other consumer goods

Agriculture:

accounts for almost 25% of GDP and 5.7% of total agricultural output of

former Soviet Union; employs 20% of the labor force; in 1988 produced the

following (in percent of total Soviet production): grain (3.6%), potatoes

(12.2%), vegetables (3.0%), meat (6.0%), milk (7.0%); net exporter of meat,

milk, eggs, flour, potatoes

Illicit drugs:

illicit producer of opium and cannabis; mostly for the domestic market;

transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe

Economic aid:

Currency:

1 rubel (abbreviation NA) = 10 Russian rubles

note:

the rubel circulates with the Russian ruble; certain purchase are made only

with rubels; government has established a different, and varying, exchange

rate for trade between Belarus and Russia

Exchange rates:

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Belarus, Communications

Railroads: 5,570 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

98,200 km total; 66,100 km hard surfaced, 32,100 km earth (1990)

Inland waterways:

NA km

Pipelines:

crude oil 1,470 km, refined products 1,100 km, natural gas 1,980 km (1992)

Ports:

none; landlocked

Merchant marine:

claims 5% of former Soviet fleet

Airports:

total:

124

useable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

construction of NMT-450 analog cellular network proceeding in Minsk, in

addition to installation of some 300 km of fiber optic cable in the city

network; telephone network has 1.7 million lines, 15% of which are switched

automatically; Minsk has 450,000 lines; telephone density is approximately

17 per 100 persons; as of 1 December 1991, 721,000 applications from

households for telephones were still unsatisfied; international connections

to other former Soviet republics are by landline or microwave and to other

countries by leased connection through the Moscow international gateway

switch; Belarus has not constructed ground stations for international

telecommunications via satellite to date

*Belarus, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, Security Forces (internal and border

troops)

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 2,491,039; fit for military service 1,964,577; reach

military age (18) annually 71,875 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

56.5 billion rubles, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of the

military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could

produce misleading results

*Belgium, Geography

Location: Western Europe, bordering on the North Sea, between France and the

Netherlands

Map references:

Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

30,510 km2

land area:

30,230 km2

comparative area:

slightly larger than Maryland

Land boundaries:

total 1,385 km, France 620 km, Germany 167 km, Luxembourg 148 km,

Netherlands 450 km

Coastline:

64 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

equidistant line with neighbors

exclusive fishing zone:

equidistant line with neighbors (extends about 68 km from coast)

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy

Terrain:

flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of

Ardennes Forest in southeast

Natural resources:

coal, natural gas

Land use:

arable land:

24%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

20%

forest and woodland:

21%

other:

34%

Irrigated land:

10 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

air and water pollution

Note:

crossroads of Western Europe; majority of West European capitals within

1,000 km of Brussels which is the seat of the EC

*Belgium, People

Population: 10,040,939 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.23% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

11.94 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

10.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

76.72 years

male:

73.41 years

female:

80.21 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.62 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Belgian(s)

adjective:

Belgian

Ethnic divisions:

Fleming 55%, Walloon 33%, mixed or other 12%

Religions:

Roman Catholic 75%, Protestant or other 25%

Languages:

Flemish (Dutch) 56%, French 32%, German 1%, legally bilingual 11% divided

along ethnic lines

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

total population:

99%

male:

NA%

female:

NA%

Labor force:

4.126 million

by occupation:

services 63.6%, industry 28%, construction 6.1%, agriculture 2.3% (1988)

*Belgium, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Kingdom of Belgium

conventional short form:

Belgium

local long form:

Royaume de Belgique local short form:

Belgique

Digraph:

Type:

constitutional monarchy

Capital:

Brussels

Administrative divisions:

9 provinces (French: provinces, singular - province; Flemish: provincien,

singular - provincie); Antwerpen, Brabant, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg,

Luxembourg, Namur, Oost-Vlaanderen, West-Vlaanderen

Independence:

4 October 1830 (from the Netherlands)

Constitution:

7 February 1831, last revised 8-9 August 1980; the government is in the

process of revising the Constitution with the aim of federalizing the

Belgian state

Legal system:

civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; judicial

review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with

reservations

National holiday:

National Day, 21 July (ascension of King Leopold to the throne in 1831)

Political parties and leaders:

Flemish Social Christian (CVP), Herman VAN ROMPUY, president; Walloon Social

Christian (PSC) , Melchior WATHELET, president; Flemish Socialist (SP),

Frank VANDENBROUCKE, president; Walloon Socialist (PS), Guy SPITAELS;

Flemish Liberals and Democrats (VLD), Guy VERHOFSTADT, president; Walloon

Liberal (PRL), Antoine DUQUESNE, president; Francophone Democratic Front

(FDF), Georges CLERFAYT, president; Volksunie (VU), Jaak GABRIELS,

president; Communist Party (PCB), Louis VAN GEYT, president; Vlaams Blok

(VB), Karel VAN DILLEN, chairman; ROSSEM, Jean Pierre VAN ROSSEM; National

Front (FN), Werner van STEEN; Live Differently (AGALEV; Flemish Green

party), Leo COX; Ecologist (ECOLO; Francophone Green party), NA; other minor

parties

Other political or pressure groups:

Christian and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of Belgian Industries;

numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers,

middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; various

organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia;

various peace groups such as the Flemish Action Committee Against Nuclear

Weapons and Pax Christi

Suffrage:

18 years of age, universal and compulsory

Elections:

Senate:

last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results -

percent of vote by party NA; seats - (184 total; of which 106 are directly

elected) CVP 20, SP 14, PVV (now VLD) 13, VU 5, AGALEV 5, VB 5, ROSSEN 1, PS

18, PRL 9, PSC 9, ECOLO 6, FDF 1

*Belgium, Government

Chamber of Representatives:

last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results - CVP

16.7%, PS 13.6%, SP 12.0%, PVV (now VLD) 11.9%, PRL 8.2%, PSC 7.8%, VB 6.6%,

VU 5.9%, ECOLO 5.1%, AGALEV 4.9%, FDF 2.6%, ROSSEM 3.2%, FN 1.5%; seats -

(212 total) CVP 39, PS 35, SP 28, PVV (now VLD) 26, PRL 20, PSC 18, FB 12,

VU 10, ECOLO 10, AGALEV 7, FDF 3, ROSSEM 3, FN 1

Executive branch:

monarch, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

bicameral Parliament consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Flemish -

Senaat, French - Senat) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Representatives

(Flemish - Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers, French - Chambre des

Representants)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court of Justice (Flemish - Hof van Cassatie, French - Cour de

Cassation)

Leaders:

Chief of State:

King BAUDOUIN I (since 17 July 1951); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT of Liege

(brother of the King; born 6 June 1934)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Jean-Luc DEHAENE (since 6 March 1992)

Member of:

AG (observer), ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australian Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE,

CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, G-10, GATT, IADB,

IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,

INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG,

OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMOGIP,

UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO,

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Juan CASSIERS

chancery:

3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 333-6900

FAX:

(202) 333-3079

consulates general:

Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Bruce S. GELB

embassy:

27 Boulevard du Regent, Brussels

mailing address:

B-1000 Brussels, PSC 82, Box 002, APO AE 09724

telephone:

[32] (2) 513-3830

FAX:

[32] (2) 511-2725

Flag:

three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the

design was based on the flag of France

*Belgium, Economy

Overview:

This small private enterprise economy has capitalized on its central

geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified

industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the

populous Flemish area in the north, although the government is encouraging

reinvestment in the southern region of Walloon. With few natural resources

Belgium must import essential raw materials, making its economy closely

dependent on the state of world markets. Over 70% of trade is with other EC

countries. The economy grew at a strong 4% pace during the period 1988-90,

but economic growth slowed to a 1% pace in 1991-92. The economy is expected

to turn in another sluggish 1% performance in 1993. Belgium's public debt

remains high at 120% of GDP and the government is trying to control its

expenditures to bring the figure more into line with other industrialized

countries.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $177.9 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

0.8% (1992)

National product per capita:

$17,800 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

2.6% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

9.8% (end 1992)

Budget:

revenues $97.8 billion; expenditures $109.3 billion, including capital

expenditures of $NA (1989)

Exports:

$118 billion (f.o.b., 1991) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union

commodities:

iron and steel, transportation equipment, tractors, diamonds, petroleum

products

partners:

EC 75.5%, US 3.7%, former Communist countries 1.4% (1991)

Imports:

$121 billion (c.i.f., 1991) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union

commodities:

fuels, grains, chemicals, foodstuffs

partners:

EC 73%, US 4.8%, oil-exporting less developed countries 4%, former Communist

countries 1.8% (1991)

External debt:

$31.3 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate 1.6% (1992 est.)

Electricity:

17,500,000 kW capacity; 68,000 million kWh produced, 6,790 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, processed food and

beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum, coal

Agriculture: accounts for 2.3% of GDP; emphasis on livestock production - beef, veal,

pork, milk; major crops are sugar beets, fresh vegetables, fruits, grain,

tobacco; net importer of farm products

Illicit drugs:

source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors;

increasingly important gateway country for cocaine entering the European

market

*Belgium, Economy

Economic aid:

donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $5.8 billion

Currency:

1 Belgian franc (BF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

Belgian francs (BF) per US$1 - 33.256 (January 1993), 32.150 (1992), 34.148

(1991), 33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Belgium, Communications

Railroads:

Belgian National Railways (SNCB) operates 3,568 km 1.435-meter standard

gauge, government owned; 2,563 km double track; 2,207 km electrified

Highways:

103,396 km total; 1,317 km limited access, divided autoroute; 11,717 km

national highway; 1,362 km provincial road; about 38,000 km paved and 51,000

km unpaved rural roads

Inland waterways:

2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use)

Pipelines:

petroleum products 1,167 km; crude oil 161 km; natural gas 3,300 km

Ports:

Antwerp, Brugge, Gent, Oostende, Zeebrugge

Merchant marine:

23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 96,949 GRT/133,658 DWT; includes 10

cargo, 5 oil tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 5 chemical tanker, 1 bulk

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications: highly developed, technologically advanced, and completely automated

domestic and international telephone and telegraph facilities; extensive

cable network; limited microwave radio relay network; 4,720,000 telephones;

broadcast stations - 3 AM, 39 FM, 32 TV; 5 submarine cables; 2 satellite

earth stations - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide

mobile phone system

*Belgium, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 2,556,189; fit for military service 2,133,051; reach

military age (19) annually 63,532 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $4 billion, 2% of GDP (1992)

*Belize, Geography

Location:

Central America, bordering the Caribbean Sea between Guatemala and Mexico

Map references:

Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the

World

Area:

total area:

22,960 km2

land area:

22,800 km2

comparative area:

slightly larger than Massachusetts

Land boundaries:

total 516 km, Guatemala 266 km, Mexico 250 km

Coastline:

386 km

Maritime claims:

territorial sea:

12 nm in the north, 3 nm in the south

note:

from the mouth of the Sarstoon River to Ranguana Caye, Belize's territorial

sea is 3 miles; according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act, 1992, the purpose

of this limitation is to provide a framework for

the negotiation of a definitive agreement on territorial differences with

Guatemala

International disputes:

border with Guatemala in dispute; negotiations to resolve the dispute have

begun

Climate:

tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to February)

Terrain:

flat, swampy coastal plain; low mountains in south

Natural resources: arable land potential, timber, fish

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

44%

other:

52%

Irrigated land:

20 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

frequent devastating hurricanes (September to December) and coastal flooding

(especially in south); deforestation

Note:

national capital moved 80 km inland from Belize City to Belmopan because of

hurricanes; only country in Central America without a coastline on the North

Pacific Ocean

*Belize, People

Population:

203,957 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.42% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

35.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

6.15 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

-5.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

36.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

67.85 years

male:

65.91 years

female:

69.88 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

4.53 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Belizean(s)

adjective:

Belizean

Ethnic divisions:

Mestizo 44%, Creole 30%, Maya 11%, Garifuna 7%, other 8%

Religions:

Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 30% (Anglican 12%, Methodist 6%, Mennonite

4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Pentecostal 2%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1%, other

2%), none 2%, other 6% (1980)

Languages:

English (official), Spanish, Maya, Garifuna (Carib)

Literacy:

age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)

total population:

91%

male:

91%

female:

91%

Labor force:

51,500

by occupation:

agriculture 30%, services 16%, government 15.4%, commerce 11.2%,

manufacturing 10.3%

note:

shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel (1985)

*Belize, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Belize

former:

British Honduras

Digraph:

Type:

parliamentary democracy

Capital:

Belmopan

Administrative divisions:

6 districts; Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo

Independence:

21 September 1981 (from UK)

Constitution:

21 September 1981

Legal system:

English law

National holiday:

Independence Day, 21 September

Political parties and leaders:

People's United Party (PUP), George PRICE, Florencio MARIN, Said MUSA;

United Democratic Party (UDP), Manuel ESQUIVEL, Dean LINDO, Dean BARROW;

National Alliance for Belizean Rights, leader NA

Other political or pressure groups:

Society for the Promotion of Education and Research (SPEAR), Assad SHOMAN;

United Workers Front, leader NA

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

National Assembly:

last held 4 September 1989 (next to be held September 1994); results -

percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) PUP 15, UDP 13; note - in

January 1990 one member expelled from UDP joined PUP, making the seat count

PUP 16, UDP 12

Executive branch:

British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,

Cabinet

Legislative branch:

bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower

house or House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

Dame Minita Elmira GORDON (since 21 September 1981)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister George Cadle PRICE (since 4 September 1989)

Member of:

ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,

ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS, UN,

UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador James V. HYDE

*Belize, Government

chancery:

2535 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 332-9636

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Eugene L. SCASSA

embassy:

Gabourel Lane and Hutson Street, Belize City

mailing address:

P. O. Box 286, Belize City

telephone:

[501] (2) 77161 through 77163

FAX:

[501] (2) 30802

Flag:

blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered

is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a

shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related

motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom,

all encircled by a green garland

*Belize, Economy

Overview:

The economy is based primarily on agriculture, agro-based industry, and

merchandising, with tourism and construction assuming increasing importance.

Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and provides 75% of export

earnings, while sugar, the chief crop, accounts for almost 40% of hard

currency earnings. The US, Belize's main trading partner, is assisting in

efforts to reduce dependency on sugar with an agricultural diversification

program.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $373 million (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

10% (1990)

National product per capita:

$1,635 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

5.5% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

12% (1991 est.)

Budget:

revenues $126.8 million; expenditures $123.1 million, including capital

expenditures of $44.8 million (FY91 est.)

Exports:

$95.6 million (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:

sugar, citrus, clothing, bananas, fish products, molasses

partners:

US 49%, UK, EC, Mexico (1991)

Imports:

$194 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)

commodities:

machinery and transportation equipment, food, manufactured goods, fuels,

chemicals, pharmaceuticals

partners:

US 60%, UK, EC, Mexico (1991)

External debt:

$143.7 million (1991)

Industrial production:

growth rate 3.7% (1990); accounts for 12% of GDP

Electricity:

34,532 kW capacity; 90 million kWh produced, 393 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

garment production, citrus concentrates, sugar refining, rum, beverages,

tourism

Agriculture:

accounts for 22% of GDP (including fish and forestry); commercial crops

include sugarcane, bananas, coca, citrus fruits; expanding output of lumber

and cultured shrimp; net importer of basic foods

Illicit drugs:

an illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;

eradication program cut marijuana production from 200 metric tons in 1987 to

about 50 metric tons in 1991; transshipment point for cocaine

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $104 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $215 million

Currency:

1 Belizean dollar (Bz$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

Belizean dollars (Bz$) per US$1 - 2.00 (fixed rate)

*Belize, Economy

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

*Belize, Communications

Highways:

2,710 km total; 500 km paved, 1,600 km gravel, 300 km improved earth, and

310 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

825 km river network used by shallow-draft craft; seasonally navigable

Ports:

Belize City; additional ports for shallow draught craft include Corozol,

Punta Gorda, Big Creek

Merchant marine:

4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,768 GRT/12,721 DWT; includes 3 cargo,

1 roll-on/roll-off

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,229-2,439 mr:

Telecommunications:

8,650 telephones; above-average system based on microwave radio relay;

broadcast stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean

INTELSAT earth station

*Belize, Defense Forces

Branches:

British Forces Belize, Belize Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air

Force, and Volunteer Guard), Belize National Police

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 47,135; fit for military service 28,070; reach military age

(18) annually 2,066 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $5.4 million, 2% of GDP (1992)

*Benin, Geography

Location:

Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Nigeria and Togo

Map references:

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

112,620 km2

land area:

110,620 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

Land boundaries:

total 1,989 km, Burkina 306 km, Niger 266 km, Nigeria 773 km, Togo 644 km

Coastline:

121 km

Maritime claims:

territorial sea:

200 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Terrain:

mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains

Natural resources:

small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber

Land use:

arable land:

12%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

35%

other:

45%

Irrigated land:

60 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north in winter; deforestation;

desertification

Note:

recent droughts have severely affected marginal agriculture in north; no

natural harbors

*Benin, People

Population:

5,166,735 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

3.33% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

48.09 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

14.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

112.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

51.31 years

male:

49.51 years

female:

53.16 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

6.86 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Beninese (singular and plural)

adjective:

Beninese

Ethnic divisions:

African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba,

Bariba), Europeans 5,500

Religions:

indigenous beliefs 70%, Muslim 15%, Christian 15%

Languages:

French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal

languages (at least six major ones in north)

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

23%

male:

32%

female:

16%

Labor force:

1.9 million (1987)

by occupation:

agriculture 60%, transport, commerce, and public services 38%, industry less

than 2%

note:

49% of population of working age (1985)

*Benin, Government

Names:

conventional long form: Republic of Benin

conventional short form:

Benin

local long form:

Republique Populaire du Benin

local short form:

Benin

former:

Dahomey

Digraph:

Type:

republic under multiparty democratic rule dropped Marxism-Leninism December

1989; democratic reforms adopted February 1990; transition to multiparty

system completed 4 April 1991

Capital:

Porto-Novo

Administrative divisions:

6 provinces; Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou, Mono, Oueme, Zou

Independence:

1 August 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

2 December 1990

Legal system:

based on French civil law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

jurisdiction

National holiday:

National Day, 1 August (1990)

Political parties and leaders:

Alliance of the Democratic Union for the Forces of Progress (UDFP), Timothee

ADANLIN; Movement for Democracy and Social Progress (MDPS), Jean-Roger

AHOYO; Union for Liberty and Development (ULD), Marcellin DEGBE; Alliance of

the National Party for Democracy and Development (PNDD) and the Democratic

Renewal Party (PRD), Pascal Chabi KAO; Alliance of the Social Democratic

Party (PSD) and the National Union for Solidarity and Progress (UNSP), Bruno

AMOUSSOU; Our Common Cause (NCC), Albert TEVOEDJRE; National Rally for

Democracy (RND), Joseph KEKE; Alliance of the National Movement for

Democracy and Development (MNDD), leader NA; Movement for Solidarity, Union,

and Progress (MSUP), Adebo ADENIYI; Union for Democracy and National

Reconstruction (UDRN), Azaria FAKOREDE; Union for Democracy and National

Solidarity (UDS), Mama Amadou N'DIAYE; Assembly of Liberal Democrats for

National Reconstruction (RDL), Severin ADJOVI; Alliance of the Alliance for

Social Democracy (ASD), Robert DOSSOU; Bloc for Social Democracy (BSD),

Michel MAGNIDE; Alliance of the Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ADP),

Akindes ADEKPEDJOU; Democratic Union for Social Renewal (UDRS), Bio Gado

Seko N'GOYE; National Union for Democracy and Progress (UNDP), Robert

TAGNON; Party for Progress and Democracy, Theophile NATA; numerous other

small parties

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

National Assembly:

last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats

- (64 total) UDFP-MDPS-ULD 12, PNDD/PRD 9, PSD/UNSP 8, NCC 7, RND 7,

MNDD/MSUP/UDRN 6, UDS 5, RDL 4, ASD/BSD 3, ADP/UDRS 2, UNDP 1

*Benin, Government

President:

last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - Nicephore SOGLO 68%, Mathieu

KEREKOU 32%

Executive branch:

president, cabinet

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

President Nicephore SOGLO (since 4 April 1991)

Member of:

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD,

ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,

LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO,

WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Candide AHOUANSOU

chancery:

2737 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 232-6656

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Ruth A. DAVIS

embassy:

Rue Caporal Anani Bernard, Cotonou

mailing address:

B. P. 2012, Cotonou

telephone:

[229] 30-06-50, 30-05-13, 30-17-92

FAX:

[229] 30-14-39 and 30-19-74

Flag:

two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red with a vertical green

band on the hoist side

*Benin, Economy

Overview:

Benin is one of the least developed countries in the world because of

limited natural resources and a poorly developed infrastructure. Agriculture

accounts for about 35% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and

generates a major share of foreign exchange earnings. The industrial sector

contributes only about 15% to GDP and employs 2% of the work force. Low

prices in recent years have kept down hard currency earnings from Benin's

major exports of agricultural products and crude oil.

National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1991)

National product real growth rate:

3% (1991)

National product per capita:

$410 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

3.4% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $194 million; expenditures $390 million, including capital

expenditures of $104 million (1990 est.)

Exports:

$263.3 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

commodities:

crude oil, cotton, palm products, cocoa

partners:

FRG 36%, France 16%, Spain 14%, Italy 8%, UK 4%

Imports:

$428 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

commodities:

foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, petroleum products, intermediate goods,

capital goods, light consumer goods

partners:

France 34%, Netherlands 10%, Japan 7%, Italy 6%, US 4%

External debt:

$1 billion (December 1990 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate -0.7% (1988); accounts for 15% of GDP

Electricity:

30,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 5 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

textiles, cigarettes, construction materials, beverages, food production,

petroleum

Agriculture:

accounts for 35% of GDP; small farms produce 90% of agricultural output;

production is dominated by food crops - corn, sorghum, cassava, beans, rice;

cash crops include cotton, palm oil, peanuts; poultry and livestock output

has not kept up with consumption

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $46 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,300 million; OPEC

bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101

million

Currency:

1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January

1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85

(1988)

*Benin, Economy

Fiscal year: calendar year

*Benin, Communications

Railroads:

578 km, all 1.000-meter gauge, single track

Highways:

5,050 km total; 920 km paved, 2,600 laterite, 1,530 km improved earth

Inland waterways:

navigable along small sections, important only locally

Ports:

Cotonou

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,439-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

fair system of open wire, submarine cable, and radio relay microwave;

broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth

station

*Benin, Defense Forces

Branches:

Armed Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), National Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 1,075,053; females age 15-49 1,170,693; males fit for

military service 550,645; females fit for military service 591,506; males

reach military age (18) annually 56,872; females reach military age (18)

annually 55,141 (1993 est.); both sexes are liable for military service

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.7% of GDP (1988 est.)

*Bermuda, Header

Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)

*Bermuda, Geography

Location:

in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 1,050 km east of North Carolina

Map references:

North America

Area:

total area:

50 km2

land area:

50 km2

comparative area:

about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

103 km

Maritime claims:

exclusive fishing zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter

Terrain:

low hills separated by fertile depressions

Natural resources:

limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

20%

other:

80%

Irrigated land:

NA km2

Environment:

ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; consists of about 360

small coral islands

Note:

some reclaimed land leased by US Government

*Bermuda, People

Population:

60,686 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.78% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

15.21 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

7.3 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

-0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

13.16 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

75.03 years

male:

73.36 years

female:

76.97 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.82 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Bermudian(s)

adjective:

Bermudian

Ethnic divisions:

black 61%, white and other 39%

Religions:

Anglican 37%, Roman Catholic 14%, African Methodist Episcopal (Zion) 10%,

Methodist 6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, other 28%

Languages:

English

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1970)

total population:

98%

male:

98%

female:

99%

Labor force:

32,000

by occupation:

clerical 25%, services 22%, laborers 21%, professional and technical 13%,

administrative and managerial 10%, sales 7%, agriculture and fishing 2%

(1984)

*Bermuda, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Bermuda

Digraph:

Type: dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

Hamilton

Administrative divisions:

9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget,, Pembroke, Saint

George*, Saint Georges, Sandys, Smiths, Southampton, Warwick, Independence:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

Constitution:

8 June 1968

Legal system:

English law

National holiday:

Bermuda Day, 22 May

Political parties and leaders:

United Bermuda Party (UBP), John W. D. SWAN; Progressive Labor Party (PLP),

Frederick WADE; National Liberal Party (NLP), Gilbert DARRELL

Other political or pressure groups:

Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU), Ottiwell SIMMONS

Suffrage:

21 years of age; universal

Elections:

House of Assembly:

last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1994); results -

percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total) UBP 23, PLP 15, NLP 1, other

Executive branch:

British monarch, governor, deputy governor, premier, deputy premier,

Executive Council (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house

or House of Assembly

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Lord

David WADDINGTON (since NA)

Head of Government:

Premier John William David SWAN (since NA January 1982)

Member of:

CARICOM (observer), CCC, ICFTU, INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC

Diplomatic representation in US:

as a dependent territory of the UK, Bermuda's interests in the US are

represented by the UK

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Consul General L. Ebersole GAINES

consulate general:

Crown Hill, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire, Hamilton

*Bermuda, Government

mailing address: P. O. Box HM325, Hamilton HMBX; PSC 1002, FPO AE 09727-1002

telephone:

(809) 295-1342

FAX:

(809) 295-1592

Flag:

red with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the

Bermudian coat of arms (white and blue shield with a red lion holding a

scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in

1609) centered on the outer half of the flag

*Bermuda, Economy

Overview:

Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, having

successfully exploited its location by providing luxury tourist facilities

and financial services. The tourist industry attracts more than 90% of its

business from North America. The industrial sector is small, and agriculture

is severely limited by a lack of suitable land. About 80% of food needs are

imported.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.3 billion (1991)

National product real growth rate:

-1.5% (1991)

National product per capita:

$22,000 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

4.4% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

6% (1991)

Budget:

revenues $327.5 million; expenditures $308.9 million, including capital

expenditures of $35.4 million (FY91 est.)

Exports:

$50 million (f.o.b., FY89)

commodities:

semitropical produce, light manufactures, re-exports of pharmaceuticals

partners:

US 55%, UK 32%, Canada 11%, other 2%

Imports:

527.2 million (f.o.b., FY89)

commodities:

fuel, foodstuffs, machinery

partners:

US 60%, UK 8%, Venezuela 7%, Canada 5%, Japan 5%, other 15%

External debt:

$NA

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%

Electricity:

154,000 kW capacity; 504 million kWh produced, 8,370 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

tourism, finance, structural concrete products, paints, pharmaceuticals,

ship repairing

Agriculture:

accounts for less than 1% of GDP; most basic foods must be imported;

produces bananas, vegetables, citrus fruits, flowers, dairy products

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $34 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $277 million

Currency:

1 Bermudian dollar (Bd$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

Bermudian dollar (Bd$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (fixed rate)

Fiscal year:

1 April - 31 March

*Bermuda, Communications

Highways:

210 km public roads, all paved (about 400 km of private roads)

Ports:

Freeport, Hamilton, Saint George

Merchant marine:

72 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,451.099 GRT/5,937,636 DWT; includes

5 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 5 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off, 21 oil

tanker, 13 liquefied gas, 16 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

modern with fully automatic telephone system; 52,670 telephones; broadcast

stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; 3 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT

earth stations

*Bermuda, Defense Forces

Branches:

Bermuda Regiment, Bermuda Police Force, Bermuda Reserve Constabulary

Note:

defense is the responsibility of the UK

*Bhutan, Geography

Location:

South Asia, in the Himalayas, between China and India

Map references:

Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

47,000 km2

land area:

47,000 km2

comparative area:

slightly more than half the size of Indiana

Land boundaries:

total 1,075 km, China 470 km, India 605 km

Coastline:

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

none; landlocked

International disputes:

none

Climate:

varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central

valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas

Terrain:

mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna

Natural resources:

timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide, tourism potential

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

70%

other:

23%

Irrigated land:

340 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

violent storms coming down from the Himalayas were the source of the country

name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon

Note:

landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key

Himalayan mountain passes

*Bhutan, People

Population:

700,000 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.33% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

39.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

16.26 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

123.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

50.17 years

male:

50.74 years

female:

49.58 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

5.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Bhutanese (singular and plural)

adjective:

Bhutanese

Ethnic divisions:

Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35%, indigenous or migrant tribes 15%

Religions:

Lamaistic Buddhism 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25%

Languages:

Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects; Nepalese speak

various Nepalese dialects

Literacy:

total population:

NA%

male:

NA%

female:

NA%

Labor force:

by occupation:

agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2%

note:

massive lack of skilled labor

*Bhutan, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Kingdom of Bhutan

conventional short form:

Bhutan

Digraph:

Type:

monarchy; special treaty relationship with India

Capital:

Thimphu

Administrative divisions:

18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang,

Daga, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi,

Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang

Independence:

8 August 1949 (from India)

Constitution:

no written constitution or bill of rights

Legal system:

based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

jurisdiction

National holiday:

National Day, 17 December (1907) (Ugyen Wangchuck became first hereditary

king)

Political parties and leaders:

no legal parties

Other political or pressure groups:

Buddhist clergy; Indian merchant community; ethnic Nepalese organizations

leading militant antigovernment campaign

Suffrage:

each family has one vote in village-level elections

Elections:

no national elections

Executive branch:

monarch, chairman of the Royal Advisory Council, Royal Advisory Council

(Lodoi Tsokde), chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers

(Lhengye Shungtsog)

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Assembly (Tshogdu)

Judicial branch:

High Court

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972)

Member of:

AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, INTELSAT, IOC, ITU,

NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

no formal diplomatic relations; the Bhutanese mission to the UN in New York

has consular jurisdiction in the US

US diplomatic representation:

no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained

between the Bhutanese and US Embassies in New Delhi (India)

Flag:

divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is

orange and the lower triangle is red; centered along the dividing line is a

large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side

*Bhutan, Economy

Overview:

The economy, one of the world's least developed, is based on agriculture and

forestry, which provide the main livelihood for 90% of the population and

account for about 50% of GDP. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make

the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The

economy is closely aligned with that of India through strong trade and

monetary links. The industrial sector is small and technologically backward,

with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development

projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's

hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are its most important

natural resources; however, the government limits the number of tourists to

3,000/year to minimize foreign influence.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $320 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

3.1% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

$200 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

10% (FY91 est.)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $112 million; expenditures $121 million, including capital

expenditures of $58 million (FY91 est.)

Exports:

$74 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.)

commodities:

cardamon, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, electricity (to India)

partners:

India 90%

Imports:

$106.4 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.)

commodities:

fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics

partners:

India 83%

External debt:

$120 million (June 91)

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%; accounts for 18% of GDP; primarily cottage industry and

home based handicrafts

Electricity:

336,000 kW capacity; 1,542.2 million kWh produced, 2,203 kWh per capita

(25.8% is exported to India, leaving only 1,633 kWh per capita) (1990-91)

Industries:

cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium

carbide

Agriculture:

accounts for 45% of GDP; based on subsistence farming and animal husbandry;

self-sufficient in food except for foodgrains; other production - rice,

corn, root crops, citrus fruit, dairy products, eggs

Economic aid:

Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

$115 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $11 million

Currency:

1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note - Indian currency is also legal tender

*Bhutan, Economy

Exchange rates:

ngultrum (Nu) per US$1 - 26.156 (January 1993), 25.918 (1992), 22.742

(1991), 17.504 (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988); note - the Bhutanese

ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee

Fiscal year:

1 July - 30 June

*Bhutan, Communications

Highways:

2,165 km total; 1,703 km surfaced

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

domestic telephone service is very poor with very few telephones in use;

international telephone and telegraph service is by land line through India;

a satellite earth station was planned (1990); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1

FM, no TV (1990)

*Bhutan, Defense Forces

Branches:

Royal Bhutan Army, Palace Guard, Militia

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 415,315; fit for military service 222,027; reach military

age (18) annually 17,344 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

*Bolivia, Geography

Location:

Central South America, between Brazil and Chile

Map references:

South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area: 1,098,580 km2

land area:

1,084,390 km2

comparative area:

slightly less than three times the size of Montana

Land boundaries:

total 6,743 km, Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay

750 km, Peru 900 km

Coastline:

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

none; landlocked

International disputes:

has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama

area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water

rights

Climate:

varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid

Terrain:

rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland

plains of the Amazon basin

Natural resources:

tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron ore,

lead, gold, timber

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

25%

forest and woodland:

52%

other:

20%

Irrigated land:

1,650 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

cold, thin air of high plateau is obstacle to efficient fuel combustion;

overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Note:

landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake,

with Peru

*Bolivia, People

Population:

7,544,099 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.31% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

32.83 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

8.63 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

-1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

76.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

62.77 years

male:

60.34 years

female:

65.33 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

4.31 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Bolivian(s)

adjective:

Bolivian

Ethnic divisions:

Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mixed 25-30%, European 5-15%

Religions:

Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist)

Languages:

Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

78%

male:

85%

female:

71%

Labor force:

1.7 million

by occupation:

agriculture 50%, services and utilities 26%, manufacturing 10%, mining 4%,

other 10% (1983)

*Bolivia, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Bolivia

conventional short form:

Bolivia

local long form:

Republica de Bolivia

local short form:

Bolivia

Digraph:

Type:

republic

Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary)

Administrative divisions:

9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Chuquisaca,

Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija

Independence:

6 August 1825 (from Spain)

Constitution:

2 February 1967

Legal system:

based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

jurisdiction

National holiday:

Independence Day, 6 August (1825)

Political parties and leaders:

Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime PAZ Zamora; Nationalist

Democratic Action (ADN), Hugo BANZER Suarez; Nationalist Revolutionary

Movement (MNR), Gonzalo SANCHEZ de Lozada; Civic Solidarity Union (UCS), Max

FERNANDEZ Rojas; Conscience of the Fatherland (CONDEPA), Carlos PALENQUE

Aviles; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jorge AGREDO; Free Bolivia

Movement (MBL), Antonio ARANIBAR; United Left (IU), a coalition of leftist

parties that includes Patriotic National Convergency Axis (EJE-P), Walter

DELGADILLO and Bolivian Communist Party (PCB), Humberto RAMIREZ;

Revolutionary Vanguard - 9th of April (VR-9), Carlos SERRATE Reich

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal and compulsory (married) 21 years of age;

universal and compulsory (single)

Elections:

Chamber of Deputies:

last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - percent of

vote by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a

unified slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on

presidential election results; seats - (130 total) MNR 40, ADN 35, MIR 33,

IU 10, CONDEPA 9, PDC 3

Chamber of Senators:

last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - percent of

vote by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a

unified slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on

presidential election results; seats - (27 total) MNR 9, ADN 7, MIR 8,

CONDEPA 2, PDC 1

*Bolivia, Government

President:

last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - Gonzalo

SANCHEZ de Lozada (MNR) 23%, Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN) 22%, Jaime PAZ Zamora

(MIR) 19%; no candidate received a majority of the popular vote; Jaime PAZ

Zamora (MIR) formed a coalition with Hugo BANZER (ADN); with ADN support,

PAZ Zamora won the congressional runoff election on 4 August and was

inaugurated on 6 August 1989

Executive branch:

president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber

or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber

of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

President Jaime PAZ Zamora (since 6 August 1989); Vice President Luis OSSIO

Sanjines (since 6 August 1989)

Member of:

AG, ECLAC, FAO, GATT, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,

ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM,

OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO,

WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Jorge CRESPO

chancery:

3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 483-4410 through 4412

consulates general:

Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Charles R. BOWERS

embassy:

Banco Popular del Peru Building, corner of Calles Mercado y Colon, La Paz

mailing address:

P. O. Box 425, La Paz, or APO AA 34032

telephone:

[591] (2) 350251 or 350120

FAX:

[591] (2) 359875

Flag:

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat

of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of Ghana, which has

a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band

*Bolivia, Economy

Overview:

With its long history of semifeudalistic social controls, dependence on

volatile prices for its mineral exports, and bouts of hyperinflation,

Bolivia has remained one of the poorest and least developed Latin American

countries. Since August 1989, President PAZ Zamora, despite his Marxist

origins, has maintained a moderate policy of repressing domestic terrorism,

containing inflation, and achieving annual GDP growth of 3 to 4%. For many

farmers, who constitute half of the country's work force, the main cash crop

is coca, which is sold for cocaine processing.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.9 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

3.8% (1992)

National product per capita:

$670 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

10.5% (December 1992)

Unemployment rate:

5% (1992)

Budget:

revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.57 billion, including capital

expenditures of $627 million (1993 est.)

Exports:

$609 million (f.o.b., 1992)

commodities:

metals 46%, hydrocarbons 21%, other 33% (coffee, soybeans, sugar, cotton,

timber)

partners:

US 15%, Argentina

Imports:

1.185 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

commodities:

food, petroleum, consumer goods, capital goods

partners:

US 22%

External debt:

$3.7 billion (December 1992)

Industrial production:

growth rate 7% (1992); accounts for almost 32% of GDP

Electricity:

865,000 kW capacity; 1,834 million kWh produced, 250 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverage, tobacco, handicrafts,

clothing; illicit drug industry reportedly produces 15% of its revenues

Agriculture:

accounts for about 21% of GDP (including forestry and fisheries); principal

commodities - coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, timber;

self-sufficient in food

Illicit drugs:

world's second-largest producer of coca (after Peru) with an estimated

47,900 hectares under cultivation; voluntary and forced eradication program

unable to prevent production from rising to 82,000 metric tons in 1992 from

74,700 tons in 1989; government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit;

intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia and

Brazil to the US and other international drug markets

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $990 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,025 million;

Communist countries (1970-89), $340 million

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