Читать книгу The 1993 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 17

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*Chile, Economy

Currency:

1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1 - 384.04 (January 1993), 362.59 (1992), 349.37

(1991), 305.06 (1990), 267.16 (1989), 245.05 (1988)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Chile, Communications

Railroads:

7,766 km total; 3,974 km 1.676-meter gauge, 150 km 1.435-meter standard

gauge, 3,642 km 1.000-meter gauge; 1,865 km 1.676-meter gauge and 80 km

1.000-meter gauge electrified

Highways:

79,025 km total; 9,913 km paved, 33,140 km gravel, 35,972 km improved and

unimproved earth (1984)

Inland waterways:

725 km

Pipelines:

crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 km

Ports:

Antofagasta, Iquique, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, Valparaiso, San Antonio,

Talcahuano, Arica

Merchant marine:

31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 445,330 GRT/756,018 DWT; includes 8

cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 3

chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 8 bulk; note

- in addition, 1 naval tanker and 1 military transport are sometimes used

commercially

Airports:

total:

396

usable:

351

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

modern telephone system based on extensive microwave radio relay facilities;

768,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 159 AM, no FM, 131 TV, 11

shortwave; satellite ground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3

domestic

*Chile, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army of the Nation, National Navy (including Naval Air, Coast Guard, and

Marines), Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile (National Police),

Investigative Police

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 3.653 million; fit for military service 2,722,479; reach

military age (19) annually 119,434 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1991 est.)

*China, Header

Affiliation: (also see separate Taiwan entry)

*China, Geography

Location:

East Asia, between India and Mongolia

Map references:

Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

9,596,960 km2

land area:

9,326,410 km2

comparative area:

slightly larger than the US

Land boundaries:

total 22,143.34 km, Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, Hong

Kong 30 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km,

Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal

1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest)

40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km

Coastline:

14,500 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and Yellow Sea

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

boundary with India; bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve

disputed sections of the boundary with Russia; boundary with Tajikistan

under dispute; a short section of the boundary with North Korea is

indefinite; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with

Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; maritime

boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands

occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims

Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto, as does Taiwan, (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu

Tai)

Climate:

extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

Terrain:

mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills

in east

Natural resources:

coal, iron ore, petroleum, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese,

molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's

largest hydropower potential

Land use:

arable land:

10%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

31%

forest and woodland:

14%

other:

45%

Irrigated land:

478,220 km2 (1991 - Chinese statistic)

*China, Geography

Environment:

frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern

coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earthquakes; deforestation; soil

erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; air pollution;

desertification

Note:

world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada)

*China, People

Population:

1,177,584,537 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.1% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

18.29 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

7.34 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

52.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

67.74 years

male:

66.78 years

female:

68.8 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.85 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Chinese (singular and plural)

adjective:

Chinese

Ethnic divisions:

Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol,

Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%

Religions:

Daoism (Taoism), Buddhism, Muslim 2-3%, Christian 1% (est.)

note:

officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic

Languages:

Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect), Yue

(Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese),

Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic divisions entry)

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

73%

male:

84%

female:

62%

Labor force:

567.4 million

by occupation:

agriculture and forestry 60%, industry and commerce 25%, construction and

mining 5%, social services 5%, other 5% (1990 est.)

*China, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

People's Republic of China

conventional short form:

China

local long form:

Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo

local short form:

Zhong Guo

Abbreviation:

PRC

Digraph:

Type:

Communist state

Capital:

Beijing

Administrative divisions:

23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu,, singular and

plural), and 3 municipalities** (shi, singular and plural);, Anhui, Beijing Shi**, Fujian, Gansu,,

Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan,, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,

Jilin, Liaoning,

Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai Shi**, Shanxi,, Sichuan, Tianjin

Shi**, Xinjiang*, Xizang* (Tibet), Yunnan, Zhejiang, note:

China considers Taiwan its 23rd province

Independence: 221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty 221 BC; Qing or Ch'ing

Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912; People's Republic

established 1 October 1949)

Constitution:

most recent promulgated 4 December 1982

Legal system:

a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary

civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1

January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil,

administrative, criminal, and commercial law

National holiday:

National Day, 1 October (1949)

Political parties and leaders:

Chinese Communist Party (CCP), JIANG Zemin, general secretary of the Central

Committee (since 24 June 1989); eight registered small parties controlled by

CCP

Other political or pressure groups:

such meaningful opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions, usually

within the party and government organization, that vary by issue

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

National People's Congress:

last held March 1993 (next to be held March 1998); results - CCP is the only

party but there are also independents; seats - (2,977 total) (elected at

county or xian level)

President:

last held 27 March 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - JIANG Zemin was

nominally elected by the Eighth National People's Congress

Executive branch:

president, vice president, premier, four vice premiers, State Council

*China, Government

Legislative branch:

unicameral National People's Congress (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui)

Judicial branch:

Supreme People's Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993); Vice President RONG Yiren

(since 27 March 1993)

Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto):

DENG Xiaoping (since NA 1977)

Head of Government:

Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since 24 November 1987, Premier since 9

April 1988) Vice Premier ZHU Rongji (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier ZOU

Jiahua (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier QIAN Qichen (since 29 March 1993);

Vice Premier LI Lanqing (29 March 1993)

Member of:

AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,

IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM

(observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UN Security

Council, UNTAC, UNTSO, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador LI Daoyu

chancery:

2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 328-2500 through 2502

consulates general:

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY

embassy:

Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, Beijing

mailing address:

100600, PSC 461, Box 50, Beijing or FPO AP 96521-0002

telephone:

[86] (1) 532-3831

FAX:

[86] (1) 532-3178

consulates general:

Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenyang

Flag:

red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow

five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the

flag) in the upper hoist-side corner

*China, Economy

Overview:

Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the

economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more

productive and flexible economy with market elements, but still within the

framework of monolithic Communist control. To this end the authorities have

switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of

the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and

plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale

enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the foreign

economic sector to increased trade and joint ventures. The most gratifying

result has been a strong spurt in production, particularly in agriculture in

the early 1980s. Industry also has posted major gains, especially in coastal

areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and

modern production methods have helped spur production of both domestic and

export goods. Aggregate output has more than doubled since 1978. On the

darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the

worst results of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of

capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has

periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals and

thereby lessening the credibility of the reform process. In 1991, and again

in 1992, output rose substantially, particularly in the favored coastal

areas. Popular resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority

by rural cadres have weakened China's population control program, which is

essential to the nation's long-term economic viability.

National product: GNP $NA

National product real growth rate:

12.8% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

5.4% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

2.3% in urban areas (1992)

Budget:

deficit $16.3 billion (1992)

Exports:

$85.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

commodities:

textiles, garments, telecommunications and recording equipment, petroleum,

minerals

partners:

Hong Kong and Macau, Japan, US, Germany, South Korea, Russia (1992)

Imports:

$80.6 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

commodities:

specialized industrial machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, steel,

textile yarn, fertilizer

partners:

Hong Kong and Macau, Japan, US, Taiwan, Germany, Russia (1992)

External debt:

$69.3 billion (1992)

Industrial production:

growth rate 20.8% (1992)

Electricity:

158,690,000 kW capacity; 740,000 million kWh produced, 630 kWh per capita

(1992)

*China, Economy

Industries:

iron and steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum,

cement, chemical fertilizers, consumer durables, food processing

Agriculture:

accounts for 26% of GNP; among the world's largest producers of rice,

potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, and pork; commercial crops

include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds; produces variety of livestock

products; basically self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 13.35 million

metric tons (including fresh water and pond raised) (1991)

Illicit drugs:

illicit producer of opium in at least 18 provinces and administrative

regions; bulk of production is in Yunnan Province; transshipment point for

heroin produced in the Golden Triangle

Economic aid:

donor - to less developed countries (1970-89) $7.0 billion; US commitments,

including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $220.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA

and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $13.5 billion

Currency:

1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiao

Exchange rates:

yuan (Y) per US$1 - 5.7640 (January 1993), 5.5146 (1992), 5.3234 (1991),

4.7832 (1990), 3.7651 (1989), 3.7221 (1988)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*China, Communications

Railroads:

total about 64,000 km; 54,000 km of common carrier lines, of which 53,400 km

are 1.435-meter gauge (standard) and 600 km are 1.000-meter gauge (narrow);

11,200 km of standard gauge common carrier route are double tracked and

6,900 km are electrified (1990); an additional 10,000 km of varying gauges

(0.762 to 1.067-meter) are dedicated industrial lines

Highways:

about 1,029,000 km (1990) total; 170,000 km (est.) paved roads, 648,000 km

(est.) gravel/improved earth roads, 211,000 km (est.) unimproved earth roads

and tracks

Inland waterways:

138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigable

Pipelines:

crude oil 9,700 km (1990); petroleum products 1,100 km; natural gas 6,200 km

Ports:

Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Xingang,

Zhanjiang, Ningbo, Xiamen, Tanggu, Shantou

Merchant marine:

1,478 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,029,320 GRT/21,120,522 DWT;

includes 25 passenger, 42 short-sea passenger, 18 passenger-cargo, 6

cargo/training, 811 cargo, 11 refrigerated cargo, 81 container, 18

roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction/barge carrier, 177 oil tanker, 11

chemical tanker, 263 bulk, 3 liquefied gas, 1 vehicle carrier, 9 combination

bulk, 1 barge carrier; note - China beneficially owns an additional 227

ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling approximately 6,187,117 DWT that operate

under Panamanian, British, Hong Kong, Maltese, Liberian, Vanuatu, Cypriot,

Saint Vincent, Bahamian, and Romanian registry

Airports:

total:

330

usable:

330

with permanent-surface runways:

260

with runways over 3,500 m:

fewer than 10

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

200

Telecommunications:

domestic and international services are increasingly available for private

use; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities,

industrial centers, and most townships; 11,000,000 telephones (December

1989); broadcast stations - 274 AM, unknown FM, 202 (2,050 repeaters) TV;

more than 215 million radio receivers; 75 million TVs; satellite earth

stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT,

and 55 domestic

*China, Defense Forces

Branches:

People's Liberation Army (PLA), PLA Navy (including Marines), PLA Air Force

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 343,361,925; fit for military service 190,665,512; reach

military age (18) annually 10,844,047 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP

*Christmas Island, Header

Affiliation: (territory of Australia)

*Christmas Island, Geography

Location:

in the Indian Ocean, between Australia and Indonesia

Map references:

Southeast Asia

Area:

total area:

135 km2

land area:

135 km2

comparative area:

about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

138.9 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

12 nm

exclusive fishing zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

3 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds

Terrain:

steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau

Natural resources:

phosphate

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

other:

100%

Irrigated land:

NA km2

Environment:

almost completely surrounded by a reef

Note:

located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean

*Christmas Island, People

Population:

1,685 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

-2.44% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:

NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate:

NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Infant mortality rate:

NA deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

NA years

male:

NA years

female:

NA years

Total fertility rate:

NA children born/woman

Nationality:

noun:

Christmas Islander(s)

adjective:

Christmas Island

Ethnic divisions:

Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%, no indigenous population

Religions:

Buddhist 36.1%, Muslim 25.4%, Christian 17.7% (Roman Catholic 8.2%, Church

of England 3.2%, Presbyterian 0.9%, Uniting Church 0.4%, Methodist 0.2%,

Baptist 0.1%, and other 4.7%), none 12.7%, unknown 4.6%, other 3.5% (1981)

Languages:

English

Literacy:

total population:

NA%

male:

NA%

female:

NA%

Labor force:

by occupation:

all workers are employees of the Phosphate Mining Company of Christmas

Island, Ltd.

*Christmas Island, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Territory of Christmas Island

conventional short form:

Christmas Island

Digraph:

Type:

territory of Australia

Capital:

The Settlement

Administrative divisions:

none (territory of Australia)

Independence:

none (territory of Australia)

Constitution:

Christmas Island Act of 1958

Legal system:

under the authority of the governor general of Australia

National holiday:

Political parties and leaders:

none

Executive branch:

British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Advisory

Council (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

none

Judicial branch:

none

Leaders:

Chief of State:

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

Head of Government:

Administrator M. J. GRIMES (since NA)

Member of:

none

Diplomatic representation in US:

none (territory of Australia)

US diplomatic representation:

none (territory of Australia)

Flag:

the flag of Australia is used

*Christmas Island, Economy

Overview:

Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic activity, but in

December 1987 the Australian Government closed the mine as no longer

economically viable. Plans have been under way to reopen the mine and also

to build a casino and hotel to develop tourism, with a possible opening date

during the first half of 1992.

National product:

GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

NA%

National product per capita:

$NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

NA%

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

$NA

commodities:

phosphate

partners:

Australia, NZ

Imports:

$NA

commodities:

consumer goods

partners:

principally Australia

External debt:

$NA

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%

Electricity:

11,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 17,800 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

phosphate extraction (near depletion)

Agriculture:

Economic aid:

none

Currency:

1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992),

1.2836 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)

Fiscal year:

1 July - 30 June

*Christmas Island, Communications

Highways:

adequate road system

Ports:

Flying Fish Cove

Airports:

total:

useable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439:

Telecommunications:

4,000 radios (1982); broadcasting stations - 1 AM, 1 TV

*Christmas Island, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia

*Clipperton Island, Header

Affiliation: (possession of France)

*Clipperton Island, Geography

Location:

in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,120 km southwest of Mexico

Map references:

World

Area:

total area:

7 km2

land area:

7 km2

comparative area:

about 12 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

11.1 km

Maritime claims:

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

claimed by Mexico

Climate:

tropical

Terrain:

coral atoll

Natural resources:

none

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

other:

100% (all coral)

Irrigated land:

0 km2

Environment:

reef about 8 km in circumference

*Clipperton Island, People

Population: uninhabited

*Clipperton Island, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Clipperton Island

local long form:

none

local short form:

Ile Clipperton

former:

sometimes called Ile de la Passion

Digraph: IP

Type:

French possession administered by France from French Polynesia by High

Commissioner of the Republic

Capital:

none; administered by France from French Polynesia

Independence:

none (possession of France)

*Clipperton Island, Economy

Overview:

The only economic activity is a tuna fishing station.

*Clipperton Island, Communications

Ports: none; offshore anchorage only

*Clipperton Island, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of France

*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Header

Affiliation: (territory of Australia)

*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Geography

Location:

in the Indian Ocean, 1,070 km southwest of Indonesia, about halfway between

Australia and Sri Lanka

Map references:

Southeast Asia

Area:

total area:

14 km2

land area:

14 km2

comparative area:

about 24 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

note:

includes the two main islands of West Island and Home Island

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline:

2.6 km

Maritime claims:

exclusive fishing zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

3 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

pleasant, modified by the southeast trade wind for about nine months of the

year; moderate rain fall

Terrain:

flat, low-lying coral atolls

Natural resources:

fish

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

other:

100%

Irrigated land:

NA km2

Environment:

two coral atolls thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation

*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, People

Population:

593 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

-0.53% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:

NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate:

NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Infant mortality rate:

NA deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

NA years

male:

NA years

female:

NA years

Total fertility rate:

NA children born/women

Nationality:

noun:

Cocos Islander(s)

adjective:

Cocos Islander

Ethnic divisions:

West Island:

Europeans

Home Island:

Cocos Malays

Religions:

Sunni Muslims

Languages:

English

Literacy:

total population:

NA%

male:

NA%

female:

NA%

Labor force:

*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands

conventional short form:

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Digraph:

Type:

territory of Australia

Capital:

West Island

Administrative divisions:

none (territory of Australia)

Independence:

none (territory of Australia)

Constitution:

Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955

Legal system:

based upon the laws of Australia and local laws

National holiday:

Political parties and leaders:

Suffrage:

Elections: NA

Executive branch:

British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, chairman of

the Islands Council

Legislative branch:

unicameral Islands Council

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

Head of Government:

Administrator B. CUNNINGHAM (since NA); Chairman of the Islands Council Haji

WAHIN bin Bynie (since NA)

Member of:

none

Diplomatic representation in US:

none (territory of Australia)

US diplomatic representation:

none (territory of Australia)

Flag:

the flag of Australia is used

*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Economy

Overview:

Grown throughout the islands, coconuts are the sole cash crop. Copra and

fresh coconuts are the major export earners. Small local gardens and fishing

contribute to the food supply, but additional food and most other

necessities must be imported from Australia.

National product:

GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

NA%

National product per capita:

$NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

NA%

Budget:

revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

$NA

commodities:

copra

partners:

Australia

Imports:

$NA

commodities:

foodstuffs

partners:

Australia

External debt:

$NA

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%

Electricity:

1,000 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, 2,980 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

copra products

Agriculture:

gardens provide vegetables, bananas, pawpaws, coconuts

Economic aid:

none

Currency:

1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992),

1.2836 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)

Fiscal year:

1 July - 30 June

*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Communications

Ports:

none; lagoon anchorage only

Airports:

total:

useable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

250 radios (1985); linked by telephone, telex, and facsimile communications

via satellite with Australia; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV

*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia

*Colombia, Geography

Location:

Northern South America, between Panama and Venezuela

Map references:

Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the

World

Area:

total area:

1,138,910 km2

land area:

1,038,700 km2

comparative area:

slightly less than three times the size of Montana

note:

includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and Serranilla Bank

Land boundaries:

total 7,408 km, Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225 km, Peru 2,900

km, Venezuela 2,050 km

Coastline:

3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km)

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

not specified

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela;

territorial dispute with Nicaragua over Archipelago de San Andres y

Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank

Climate:

tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands

Terrain:

flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes mountains, eastern

lowland plains

Natural resources:

petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

29%

forest and woodland:

49%

other:

16%

Irrigated land:

5,150 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; deforestation; soil damage from

overuse of pesticides; periodic droughts

Note:

only South American country with coastlines on both North Pacific Ocean and

Caribbean Sea

*Colombia, People

Population:

34,942,767 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.83% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

23.4 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

4.82 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

-0.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

29.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

71.72 years

male:

68.99 years

female:

74.53 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Colombian(s)

adjective:

Colombian

Ethnic divisions:

mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black-Indian 3%, Indian

Religions:

Roman Catholic 95%

Languages:

Spanish

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

87%

male:

88%

female:

86%

Labor force:

12 million (1990)

by occupation:

services 46%, agriculture 30%, industry 24% (1990)

*Colombia, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Colombia

conventional short form:

Colombia local long form:

Republica de Colombia

local short form:

Colombia

Digraph:

Type:

republic; executive branch dominates government structure

Capital:

Bogota

Administrative divisions:

23 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento), 5 commissariats*, (comisarias, singular

- comisaria), 4 intendancies** (intendencias, singular, - intendencia), and 1 special district***,

(distrito especial); Amazonas*,, Antioquia, Arauca**, Atlantico, Bogota***, Bolivar, Boyaca,,

Caldas, Caqueta,

Casanare**, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia*, Guaviare*,, Huila, La Guajira,

Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo**,, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y

Providencia**, Santander, Sucre, Tolima,, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes*, Vichada*, note:

the Constitution of 5 July 1991 states that the commissariats and

intendancies are to become full departments and a capital district (distrito

capital) of Santa Fe de Bogota is to be established by 1997

Independence:

20 July 1810 (from Spain)

Constitution:

5 July 1991

Legal system:

based on Spanish law; judicial review of executive and legislative acts;

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

Independence Day, 20 July (1810)

Political parties and leaders:

Liberal Party (PL), Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo, president; Social Conservative

Party (PCS), Misael PASTRANA Borrero; National Salvation Movement (MSN),

Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado; Democratic Alliance M-19 (AD/M-19) is headed by 19th

of April Movement (M-19) leader Antonio NAVARRO Wolf, coalition of small

leftist parties and dissident liberals and conservatives; Patriotic Union

(UP) is a legal political party formed by Revolutionary Armed Forces of

Colombia (FARC) and Colombian Communist Party (PCC), Carlos ROMERO

Other political or pressure groups:

three insurgent groups are active in Colombia - Revolutionary Armed Forces

of Colombia (FARC), Manuel MARULANDA and Alfonso CANO; National Liberation

Army (ELN), Manuel PEREZ; and dissidents of the recently demobilized

People's Liberation Army (EPL), Francisco CARABALLO

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

President:

last held 27 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Cesar GAVIRIA

Trujillo (Liberal) 47%, Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado (National Salvation Movement)

24%, Antonio NAVARRO Wolff (M-19) 13%, Rodrigo LLOREDA (Conservative) 12%

*Colombia, Government

Senate:

last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of

vote by party NA; seats - (102 total) Liberal 58, Conservative 22, AD/M-19

9, MSN 5, UP 1, other 7

House of Representatives:

last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of

vote by party NA; seats - (161 total) Liberal 87, Conservative 31, AD/M-19

13, MSN 10, UP 3, other 17

Executive branch:

president, presidential designate, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of a nationally elected upper chamber

or Senate (Senado) and a nationally elected lower chamber or House of

Representatives (Camara de Representantes)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justical), Constitutional Court,

Council of State

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

President Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo (since 7 August 1990)

Member of:

AG, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,

ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL,

PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,

WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Jaime GARCIA Parra

chancery:

2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 387-8338

consulates general:

Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan

(Puerto Rico)

consulates:

Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Tampa

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Morris D. BUSBY

embassy:

Calle 38, No. 8-61, Bogota

mailing address:

P. O. Box A. A. 3831, Bogota or APO AA 34038

telephone:

[57] (1) 285-1300 or 1688

FAX:

[57] (1) 288-5687

consulate:

Barranquilla

Flag:

three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; similar

to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of

arms superimposed in the center

*Colombia, Economy

Overview:

Economic development has slowed gradually since 1986, but growth rates

remain high by Latin American standards. Conservative economic policies have

kept inflation and unemployment near 30% and 10%, respectively. The rapid

development of oil, coal, and other nontraditional industries in recent

years has helped to offset the decline in coffee prices - Colombia's major

export. The collapse of the International Coffee Agreement in the summer of

1989, a troublesome rural insurgency, energy rationing, and drug-related

violence have dampened growth. The level of violence, in Bogota in

particular, surged to higher levels in the first quarter of 1993, further

delaying the economic resurgence expected from government reforms. These

reforms center on fiscal restraint, trade and investment liberalization,

financial and labor reform, and privatization of state utilities and

commercial banks.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $51 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

3.3% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$1,500 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

25% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

10% (1992)

Budget:

revenues $5.0 billion; current expenditures $5.1 billion, capital

expenditures $964 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

$7.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

commodities:

petroleum, coffee, coal, bananas, fresh cut flowers

partners:

US 44%, EC 21%, Japan 5%, Netherlands 4%, Sweden 3% (1991)

Imports:

$5.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

commodities:

industrial equipment, transportation equipment, consumer goods, chemicals,

paper products

partners:

US 36%, EC 16%, Brazil 4%, Venezuela 3%, Japan 3% (1991)

External debt:

$17 billion (1992)

Industrial production:

growth rate -0.5% (1991); accounts for 20% of GDP

Electricity:

10,193,000 kW capacity; 36,000 million kWh produced, 1,050 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals,

metal products, cement; mining - gold, coal, emeralds, iron, nickel, silver,

salt

Agriculture:

growth rate 3% (1991 est.) accounts for 22% of GDP; crops make up two-thirds

and livestock one-third of agricultural output; climate and soils permit a

wide variety of crops, such as coffee, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa

beans, oilseeds, vegetables; forest products and shrimp farming are becoming

more important

*Colombia, Economy

Illicit drugs:

illicit producer of cannabis, coca, and opium; about 37,500 hectares of coca

under cultivation; the world's largest processor of coca derivatives into

cocaine; supplier of cocaine to the US and other international drug markets

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.6 billion; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.3 billion,

Communist countries (1970-89), $399 million

Currency:

1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

Colombian pesos (Col$) per US$1 - 820.08 (January 1993), 759.28 (1992),

633.05 (1991), 502.26 (1990), 382.57 (1989), 299.17 (1988)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Colombia, Communications

Railroads:

3,386 km; 3,236 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track (2,611 km in use), 150 km

1.435-meter gauge

Highways:

75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces

Inland waterways:

14,300 km, navigable by river boats

Pipelines:

crude oil 3,585 km; petroleum products 1,350 km; natural gas 830 km; natural

gas liquids 125 km

Ports:

Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Covenas, San Andres, Santa Marta,

Tumaco

Merchant marine:

27 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 227,719 GRT/356,665 DWT; includes 9

cargo, 3 oil tanker, 8 bulk, 7 container

Airports:

total:

1,233

usable:

1,059

with permanent-surface:

with runways over 3,659 m:

1 with runways 2,440-2,459 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

200

Telecommunications:

nationwide radio relay system; 1,890,000 telephones; broadcast stations -

413 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 28 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

and 11 domestic satellite earth stations

*Colombia, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army (Ejercito Nacional), Navy (Armada Nacional, including Marines), Air

Force (Fuerza Aerea Colombiana), National Police (Policia Nacional)

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 9,428,358; fit for military service 6,375,944; reach

military age (18) annually 356,993 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $630 million, 1.3% of GDP (1993 est.)

*Comoros, Geography

Location:

in the extreme northern Mozambique Channel, about two-thirds of the way

between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique

Map references:

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

2,170 km2

land area:

2,170 km2

comparative area:

slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

340 km

Maritime claims:

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

claims French-administered Mayotte

Climate:

tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)

Terrain:

volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills

Natural resources:

negligible

Land use: arable land:

35%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

16%

other:

34%

Irrigated land:

NA km2

Environment:

soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; cyclones possible during rainy

season

Note:

important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel

*Comoros, People

Population:

511,651 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

3.54% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

46.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

11.31 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

81.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

57.35 years

male:

55.23 years

female:

59.55 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

6.86 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Comoran(s)

adjective:

Comoran

Ethnic divisions:

Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava

Religions:

Sunni Muslim 86%, Roman Catholic 14%

Languages:

Arabic (official), French (official), Comoran (a blend of Swahili and

Arabic)

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

total population:

48%

male:

56%

female:

40%

Labor force:

140,000 (1982)

by occupation:

agriculture 80%, government 3%

note:

51% of population of working age (1985)

*Comoros, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros

conventional short form:

Comoros

local long form:

Republique Federale Islamique des Comores

local short form:

Comores

Digraph:

Type:

independent republic

Capital:

Moroni

Administrative divisions:

three islands; Njazidja (Grand Comore), Nzwani (Anjouan), and Mwali (Moheli)

note:

there are also four municipalities named Domoni, Fomboni, Moroni, and

Mutsamudu

Independence:

6 July 1975 (from France)

Constitution:

7 June 1992

Legal system:

French and Muslim law in a new consolidated code

National holiday:

Independence Day, 6 July (1975)

Political parties and leaders:

over 20 political parties are currently active, the most important of which

are; Comoran Union for Progress (UDZIMA), Omar TAMOU; Islands' Fraternity

and Unity Party (CHUMA), Said Ali KEMAL; Comoran Party for Democracy and

Progress (PCDP), Ali MROUDJAE; Realizing Freedom's Capability (UWEZO),

Mouazair ABDALLAH; Democratic Front of the Comoros (FDR), Moustapha CHELKH;

Dialogue Proposition Action (DPA/MWANGAZA), Said MCHAWGAMA; Rally for Change

and Democracy (RACHADE), Hassan HACHIM; Union for Democracy and

Decentralization (UNDC), Mohamed Taki Halidi IBRAHAM; Maecha Bora, leader

NA; MDP/NGDC (expansion NA), leader NA; Comoran Popular Front (FPC), Mohamed

HASSANALI, Mohamed El Arif OUKACHA, Abdou MOUSTAKIM (Secretary General)

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

Federal Assembly:

last held November-December 1992 (next to be held NA March 1997); results -

percent of vote by party NA; seats - (42 total) UNDC 7, CHUMA 3, ADP 2,

MDP/NGDC 5, FDC 2, MAECHA BORA 2, FPC 2, RACHADE 1, UWEZO 1, MWANGAZA 1, 16

other seats to smaller parties

President:

last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results - Said Mohamed

DJOHAR (UDZIMA) 55%, Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim (UNDC) 45%

Executive branch:

president, Council of Ministers (cabinet), prime minister

Legislative branch:

unicameral Federal Assembly (Assemblee Federale)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

*Comoros, Government

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

President Said Mohamed DJOHAR (since 11 March 1990); Prime Minister Ibrahim

HALIDI (since 1 January 1992)

Member of:

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO,

IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Amini Ali MOUMIN

chancery:

(temporary) at the Comoran Permanent Mission to the UN, 336 East 45th

Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017

telephone:

(212) 972-8010

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Kenneth N. PELTIER

embassy:

address NA, Moroni

mailing address:

B. P. 1318, Moroni

telephone:

[269] 73-22-03, 73-29-22

FAX:

no service available at this time

Flag:

green with a white crescent placed diagonally (closed side of the crescent

points to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag); there are four white

five-pointed stars placed in a line between the points of the crescent; the

crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the four

stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, Njazidja,

Nzwani, and Mayotte (which is a territorial collectivity of France, but

claimed by the Comoros)

*Comoros, Economy

Overview:

One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of several islands

that have poor transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing

population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the

labor force contributes to a low level of economic activity, high

unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical

assistance. Agriculture, including fishing, hunting, and forestry, is the

leading sector of the economy. It contributes 40% to GDP, employs 80% of the

labor force, and provides most of the exports. The country is not

self-sufficient in food production, and rice, the main staple, accounts for

90% of imports. During the period 1982-86 the industrial sector grew at an

annual average rate of 5.3%, but its contribution to GDP was only 5% in

1988. Despite major investment in the tourist industry, which accounts for

about 25% of GDP, growth has stagnated since 1983. A sluggish growth rate of

1.5% during 1985-90 has led to large budget deficits, declining incomes, and

balance-of-payments difficulties. Preliminary estimates for FY92 show a

moderate increase in the growth rate based on increased exports, tourism,

and government investment outlays.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $260 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

2.7% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

$540 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

4% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

over 16% (1988 est.)

Budget:

revenues $96 million; expenditures $88 million, including capital

expenditures of $33 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

$16 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

commodities:

vanilla, cloves, perfume oil, copra, ylang-ylang

partners:

US 53%, France 41%, Africa 4%, FRG 2% (1988)

Imports:

$41 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

commodities:

rice and other foodstuffs, cement, petroleum products, consumer goods

partners:

Europe 62% (France 22%), Africa 5%, Pakistan, China (1988)

External debt:

$196 million (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate -6.5% (1989 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP

Electricity:

16,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries: perfume distillation, textiles, furniture, jewelry, construction materials,

soft drinks

Agriculture:

accounts for 40% of GDP; most of population works in subsistence agriculture

and fishing; plantations produce cash crops for export - vanilla, cloves,

perfume essences, copra; principal food crops - coconuts, bananas, cassava;

world's leading producer of essence of ylang-ylang (for perfumes) and

second-largest producer of vanilla; large net food importer

*Comoros, Economy

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $10 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $435 million; OPEC

bilateral aid (1979-89), $22 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18

million

Currency:

1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

Comoran francs (CF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11

(1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)); note - linked to the

French franc at 50 to 1 French franc

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Comoros, Communications

Highways:

750 km total; about 210 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravel

Ports:

Mutsamudu, Moroni

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

sparse system of radio relay and high-frequency radio communication stations

for interisland and external communications to Madagascar and Reunion; over

1,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV

*Comoros, Defense Forces

Branches:

Comoran Defense Force (FDC)

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 108,867; fit for military service 65,106 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

$NA, NA% of GDP

*Congo, Geography

Location:

Western Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Gabon and Zaire

Map references:

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

342,000 km2

land area:

341,500 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than Montana

Land boundaries:

total 5,504 km, Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African Republic 467

km, Gabon 1,903 km, Zaire 2,410 km

Coastline:

169 km

Maritime claims:

territorial sea:

200 nm

International disputes:

long section with Zaire along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of

the river or its islands has been made)

Climate:

tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October);

constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate

astride the Equator

Terrain:

coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin

Natural resources:

petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural

gas

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

29%

forest and woodland:

62%

other:

Irrigated land:

40 km2 (1989)

Environment:

deforestation; about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe

Noire, or along the railroad between them

*Congo, People

Population:

2,388,667 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.44% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

40.68 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

16.28 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

112.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

48.04 years

male:

46.3 years

female:

49.84 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

5.38 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Congolese (singular and plural)

adjective:

Congolese or Congo

Ethnic divisions:

south:

Kongo 48%

north:

Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%

center:

Teke 17%, Europeans 8,500 (mostly French)

Religions:

Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2%

Languages:

French (official), African languages (Lingala and Kikongo are the most

widely used)

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

57%

male:

70%

female:

44%

Labor force:

79,100 wage earners

by occupation:

agriculture 75%, commerce, industry, and government 25%

note:

51% of population of working age; 40% of population economically active

(1985)

*Congo, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of the Congo

conventional short form:

Congo

local long form:

Republique Populaire du Congo

local short form:

Congo

former:

Congo/Brazzaville

Digraph:

Type:

republic

Capital:

Brazzaville

Administrative divisions:

9 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 commune*; Bouenza,, Brazzaville*, Cuvette,

Kouilou,, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool,

Sangha

Independence:

15 August 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

8 July 1979, currently being modified

Legal system:

based on French civil law system and customary law

National holiday:

Congolese National Day, 15 August (1960)

Political parties and leaders:

Congolese Labor Party (PCT), headed by former president Denis

SASSOU-NGUESSO; Union for Democratic Renewal (URD) - a coalition of

opposition parties; Panafrican Union for Social Development (UPADS)

Other political or pressure groups:

Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC); Congolese Trade Union Congress

(CSC); Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women (URFC); General Union of

Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC)

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

President:

last held 2-16 August 1992 (next to be held August 1997); results -

President Pascal LISSOUBA won with 61% of the vote

National Assembly:

last held 24 June-19 July 1992; results - (125 total) UPADS 39, MCDDI (part

of URD coalition) 29, PCT 19; more than a dozen smaller parties split the

remaining 38 seats

note:

National Assembly dissolved in November 1992; next election to be held May

1993

Executive branch:

president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved on NA

November 1992

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

*Congo, Government

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Pascal LISSOUBA (since August 1992)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Claude Antoine DA COSTA (since December 1992)

Member of:

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,

IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,

OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WFTU, WHO,

WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Roger ISSOMBO

chancery:

4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20011

telephone:

(202) 726-5500

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador James Daniel PHILLIPS

embassy:

Avenue Amilcar Cabral, Brazzaville

mailing address:

B. P. 1015, Brazzaville, or Box C, APO AE 09828

telephone:

(242) 83-20-70

FAX:

[242] 83-63-38

Flag:

red, divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the

upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; uses the

popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

*Congo, Economy

Overview:

Congo's economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, a

beginning industrial sector based largely on oil, supporting services, and a

government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. A reform

program, supported by the IMF and World Bank, ran into difficulties in

1990-91 because of problems in changing to a democratic political regime and

a heavy debt-servicing burden. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay

of the economy, providing about two-thirds of government revenues and

exports. In the early 1980s rapidly rising oil revenues enabled Congo to

finance large-scale development projects with growth averaging 5% annually,

one of the highest rates in Africa. During the period 1987-91, however,

growth has slowed to an average of roughly 1.5% annually, only half the

population growth rate. The new government, responding to pressure from

businessmen and the electorate, has promised to reduce the bureaucracy and

government regulation but little has been accomplished as of early 1993.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

0.6% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

$1,070 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

-0.6% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $765 million; expenditures $952 million, including capital

expenditures of $65 million (1990)

Exports:

$1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

commodities:

crude oil 72%, lumber, plywood, coffee, cocoa, sugar, diamonds

partners:

US, France, other EC countries

Imports:

$704 million (c.i.f., 1990)

commodities:

foodstuffs, consumer goods, intermediate manufactures, capital equipment

partners:

France, Italy, other EC countries, US, Germany, Spain, Japan, Brazil

External debt:

$4.1 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

growth rate 1.2% (1989); accounts for 33% of GDP; includes petroleum

Electricity:

140,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced, 135 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

petroleum, cement, lumbering, brewing, sugar milling, palm oil, soap,

cigarette

Agriculture:

accounts for 13% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cassava accounts

for 90% of food output; other crops - rice, corn, peanuts, vegetables; cash

crops include coffee and cocoa; forest products important export earner;

imports over 90% of food needs

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $63 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2.5 billion; OPEC

bilateral aid (1979-89), $15 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $338

million

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