Читать книгу The Circle of Knowledge: A Classified, Simplified, Visualized Book of Answers - Various - Страница 225

Parts.— b, Blade, the expanded portion.

p, Petiole, the stem.

s, Stipules, leaf-like appendages at base of petiole.

Kinds.—(1.) Simple, having but one blade.

Sessile, without petiole.

Petiolate, with petiole.

Stipulate, with stipules.

Cirrhous, with tendril.

(2.) Compound, having more than one blade.

(a.) Pinnate, with leaflets arranged along a common petiole.

Abruptly pinnate, with even number of leaflets.

Odd-pinnate, having an odd leaflet.

Unipinnate, divided but once.

Bipinnate, divided twice.

Tripinnate, divided three times.

(b.) Palmate, leaflets diverging from one point.

Unipalmate, divided but once.

Bipalmate, divided twice.

Tripalmate, divided three times.

Framework.—Midrib, the central vein.

Ribs, , strong veins branching from near the base of midrib.

Veins, the branching framework.

Veinlets, small veins.

Venation.—Parallel, with simple veins running parallel from base to apex.

Feather, with lateral veins branching at regular intervals from midrib.

Radiate, with strong veins branching from apex of petiole.

Reticulate, with veins and veinlets that unite and separate in the form of network.

Form.—(a.) Broadest at the Middle.—Peliate, ; orbicular, ; oval, ; elliptical, ; oblong, ; linear, , acerōse, (Pine).

(b.) Broadest at Base.—Deltoid, ; ovate ; lanceolate, ; subulate, ; cordate, ; reniform, ; hastate, ; sagittate, .

(c.) Broadest at the Apex.—Obovate, ; oblanceolate, ; spatulate ; cuneate ; obcordate, ; lyrate, ; runcinate, .

Bases.—Auriculate, ; oblique, ; tapering, ; abrupt, ; clasping, ; perfoliate, ; connate, ; decurrent, .

Apexes.—Obcordate, ; emarginate, ; retuse, ; truncate, ; obtuse, ; acute ; acuminate, ; mucronate, ; cuspidate, ; aristate, .

Margins.—Entire, ; repand, ; sinuate, ; crenate, ; dentate, ; serrate, ; incised, ; laciniate, ; palmately-lobed, ; palmately-cleft, ; palmately-parted, ; palmately-divided, ; pinnately-lobed, ; pinnately-cleft, ; pinnately-parted, ; pinnately-divided, .

Surface.—(a.) Without Hairs.—Glabrous, smooth.

(b.) Soft Hairs.—Pílous, few, short; hirsute, few, long; pubéscent, dense, short; villous, dense, long; seríceous, silky; lanūginous, woolly; toméntous, matted like felt; flóccous, fleecy tufts.

(c.) Stiff Hairs.—Scābrous, minute, hard points; hispid, few, short points; sētous, bristly; spinous, having spines.

Color.—Glaucous, covered with whitish powder.

Canéscent, grayish-white with fine pubescence.

Incānous, hoary-white.

Punctate, having transparent dots.

Hyaline, nearly transparent.

Texture.—Succulent, fleshy; coriaceous, leather-like; scarious, dry; rúgous, wrinkled.

Phyllotaxis, arrangement on the stem.—Alternate, ; opposite, ; whorled (verticillate); radical, near the ground; cauline, on the stem; rosulate, clustered; fascículate, in bundles.

Vernation, arrangement in the bud.

Induplicate, folded crosswise (Tulip-tree).

Conduplicate, folded along midrib (Oak).

Plicate, folded like a fan (Red-currant).

Circinate, rolled lengthwise (Fern).

Convolute, rolled edgewise (Cherry).

Involute, both edges rolled inward (Apple).

Revolute, both edges rolled outward (Willow).

Equitant, astraddle (Iris).

Obvolute, half equitant (Jerusalem Sage).

Triquētrous triangular equitant (Sedges).

Duration.—Fugacious, falling very early.

Deciduous, falling at the close of the season.

Persistent, remaining through the winter.