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Process flow diagrams that engineers create in the initial design phase establish significant equipment that will be used during each treatment process (Figure 4.2). These documents also include basic materials-balance information for expected operating conditions (e.g., normal dry-weather flow and maximum flow).

FIGURE 4.2 Example of a PFD.

Once design engineers have completed the PFDs and incorporated all owner comments, process, mechanical, or I&C engineers (depending on the organization) use them to develop P&IDs. These documents provide more details such as equipment, piping, instruments, signals, valves, and control panels needed for wastewater screening, pumping, primary treatment, aeration, and so on.