| CHAPTER | | | PAGE |
| I. | INTRODUCTION | 1 |
| | Survey of Field | 1 |
| | Economic applications of the several branches of geology and of other sciences | 3 |
| | | Stratigraphy and paleontology | 4 |
| | | Structural geology | 5 |
| | | Physiography | 6 |
| | | Rock alterations or metamorphism | 10 |
| | | Application of other sciences | 10 |
| | Treatment of the subject in this volume | 11 |
| II. | THE COMMON ELEMENTS, MINERALS, AND ROCKS OF THE EARTH AND THEIR ORIGINS | 13 |
| | Relative abundance of the principal elements of the lithosphere | 13 |
| | Relative abundance of the principal minerals of the lithosphere | 14 |
| | Relative abundance of the principal rocks of the lithosphere | 16 |
| | Water (hydrosphere) | 18 |
| | Soils and clays | 18 |
| | Comparison of lists of most abundant rocks and minerals with commercial rocks and minerals | 18 |
| | The origin of common rocks and minerals | 19 |
| | | Igneous processes | 19 |
| | | Igneous after-effects | 19 |
| | | Weathering of igneous rocks and veins | 20 |
| | | Sedimentary processes | 22 |
| | | Weathering of sedimentary rocks | 23 |
| | | Consolidation, cementation, and other sub-surface alterations of rocks | 24 |
| | | Cementation | 24 |
| | | Dynamic and contact metamorphism | 25 |
| | | | |
| | The metamorphic cycle as an aid in studying mineral deposits | 27 |
| III. | SOME SALIENT FEATURES OF THE GEOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS | 29 |
| | Various methods of classification | 29 |
| | Names | 31 |
| | Mineral deposits as magmatic segregations in igneous rocks | 34 |
| | Mineral deposits within and adjacent to igneous rocks, which were formed immediately after the cooling and crystallization of the magmas through the agency of hot magmatic solutions | 36 |
| | Evidence of igneous source | 37 |
| | Possible influence of meteoric waters in deposition of ores of this class | 41 |
| | Zonal arrangement of minerals related to igneous rocks | 42 |
| | The relation of contact metamorphism to ore bodies of the foregoing class | 45 |
| | Secondary concentration in place of the foregoing classes of mineral deposits through the agency of surface solutions | 46 |
| | Residual mineral deposits formed by the weathering of igneous rocks in place | 50 |
| | Mineral deposits formed directly as placers and sediments | 51 |
| | Mechanically deposited minerals | 51 |
| | Chemically and organically deposited minerals | 52 |
| | Sedimentary mineral deposits which have required further concentration to make them commercially available | 54 |
| | Anamorphism of mineral deposits | 57 |
| | Conclusion | 58 |
| IV. | MINERAL RESOURCES—SOME GENERAL QUANTITATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 60 |
| | World annual production of minerals in short tons | 60 |
| | World annual production of minerals in terms of value | 62 |
| | Significance of geographic distribution of mineral production | 63 |
| | The increasing rate of production | 63 |
| | Capital value of world mineral reserves | 64 |
| | Political and commercial control of mineral resources | 65 |
| | Reserves of mineral resources | 65 |
| V. | WATER AS A MINERAL RESOURCE | 67 |
| | General geologic relations | 67 |
| | Distribution of underground water | 68 |
| | Movement of underground water | 71 |
| | Wells and springs | 72 |
| | Composition of underground waters | 73 |
| | Relation of geology to underground water supply | 75 |
| | Surface water supplies | 76 |
| | Underground and surface waters in relation to excavation and construction | 78 |
| VI. | THE COMMON ROCKS AND SOILS AS MINERAL RESOURCES | 80 |
| | Economic features of the common rocks | 80 |
| | Granite | 82 |
| | Basalt and related types | 82 |
| | Limestone, marl, chalk | 82 |
| | Marble | 83 |
| | Sand, sandstone, quartzite (and quartz) | 84 |
| | "Sand and gravel" | 84 |
| | Clay, shale, slate | 85 |
| | The feldspars | 86 |
| | Hydraulic cement (including Portland, natural, and Puzzolan cements) | 86 |
| | Geologic features of the common rocks | 88 |
| | Building stone | 88 |
| | Crushed stone | 90 |
| | Stone for metallurgical purpposes | 91 |
| | Clay | 91 |
| | Limitations of geologic field in commercial investigation of common rocks | 92 |
| | Soils as a mineral resource | 94 |
| | Origin of soils | 94 |
| | Composition of soils and plant growth | 96 |
| | Use of geology in soil study | 97 |
| VII. | THE FERTILIZER GROUP OF MINERALS | 99 |
| | General comments | 99 |
| | Nitrates | 101 |
| | Economic features | 101 |
| | Geologic features | 102 |
| | Phosphates | 104 |
| | Economic features | 104 |
| | Geologic features | 105 |
| | Pyrite | 107 |
| | Economic features | 107 |
| | Geologic features | 108 |
| | Sulphur | 109 |
| | Economic features | 109 |
| | Geologic features | 110 |
| | Potash | 111 |
| | Economic features | 111 |
| | Geologic features | 112 |
| VIII. | THE ENERGY RESOURCES—COAL, OIL, GAS (AND ASPHALT) | 115 |
| | Coal | 115 |
| | Economic features | 115 |
| | World production and trade | 115 |
| | Production in the United States | 117 |
| | Coke | 118 |
| | Classification of coals | 119 |
| | Geologic features | 123 |
| | Petroleum | 127 |
| | Economic ffeatures | 127 |
| | Production and reserves | 128 |
| | Methods of estimating reserves | 134 |
| | Classes of oils | 136 |
| | Conservation of oil | 137 |
| | Geologic features | 140 |
| | Organic theory of origin | 140 |
| | Effect of differential pressures and folding on oil genesis and migration | 142 |
| | Inorganic theory of origin | 143 |
| | Oil exploration | 144 |
| | Oil shales | 150 |
| | Natural gas | 151 |
| | Economic features | 151 |
| | Geologic features | 151 |
| | Asphalt and bitumen | 151 |
| | Economic features | 151 |
| | Geologic features | 153 |
| IX. | MINERALS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STEEL (THE FERRO-ALLOY GROUP) | 154 |
| | General features | 154 |
| | Iron ores | 158 |
| | Economic features | 158 |
| | Technical and commercial factors determining use of iron ore materials | 158 |
| | Geographic distribution of iron ore production | 160 |
| | World reserves and future production of iron ore | 162 |
| | Geologic features | 166 |
| | Sedimentary iron ores | 166 |
| | Iron ores associated with igneous rocks | 171 |
| | Iron ores due to weathering of igneous rocks | 171 |
| | Iron ores due to weathering of sulphide ores | 173 |
| | Manganese ores | 173 |
| | Economic features | 173 |
| | Geologic features | 176 |
| | Chrome (or chromite) ores | 178 |
| | Economic features | 178 |
| | Geologic features | 179 |
| | Nickel ores | 180 |
| | Economic features | 180 |
| | Geologic features | 180 |
| | Tungsten (wolfram) ores | 182 |
| | Economic features | 182 |
| | Geologic features | 184 |
| | Molybdenum ores | 185 |
| | Economic features | 185 |
| | Geologic features | 186 |
| | Vanadium ores | 187 |
| | Economic features | 187 |
| | Geologic features | 188 |
| | Zirconium ores | 189 |
| | Economic features | 189 |
| | Geologic features | 189 |
| | Titanium ores | 190 |
| | Economic features | 190 |
| | Geologic features | 190 |
| | Magnesite | 191 |
| | Economic features | 191 |
| | Geologic features | 192 |
| | Fluorspar | 193 |
| | Economic features | 193 |
| | Geologic features | 194 |
| | Silica | 195 |
| | Economic features | 195 |
| | Geologic features | 196 |
| X. | COPPER, LEAD AND ZINC MINERALS | 197 |
| | Copper ores | 197 |
| | Economic features | 197 |
| | Geologic features | 199 |
| | Copper deposits associated with igneous flows | 200 |
| | Copper veins in igneous rocks | 201 |
| | "Porphyry coppers" | 203 |
| | Copper in limestone near igneous contacts | 204 |
| | Copper deposits in schists | 204 |
| | Sedimentary copper deposits | 205 |
| | General comments | 206 |
| | Lead ores | 209 |
| | Economic features | 209 |
| | Geologic features | 211 |
| | Zinc ores | 213 |
| | Economic features | 213 |
| | Geologic features | 216 |
| XI. | GOLD, SILVER, AND PLATINUM MINERALS | 221 |
| | Gold ores | 221 |
| | Economic features | 221 |
| | Geologic features | 226 |
| | Silver ores | 231 |
| | Economic features | 231 |
| | Geologic features | 234 |
| | Platinum ores | 237 |
| | Economic features | 237 |
| | Geologic features | 239 |
| XII. | MISCELLANEOUS METALLIC MINERALS | 241 |
| | Aluminum ores | 241 |
| | Economic features | 241 |
| | Geologic features | 243 |
| | Antimony ores | 246 |
| | Economic features | 246 |
| | Geologic features | 248 |
| | Arsenic ores | 249 |
| | Economic features | 249 |
| | Geologic features | 251 |
| | Bismuth ores | 252 |
| | Economic features | 252 |
| | Geologic features | 252 |
| | Cadmium ores | 253 |
| | Economic features | 253 |
| | Geologic features | 254 |
| | Cobalt ores | 254 |
| | Economic features | 254 |
| | Geologic features | 255 |
| | Mercury (quicksilver) ores | 255 |
| | Economic features | 255 |
| | Geologic features | 258 |
| | Tin ores | 260 |
| | Economic features | 260 |
| | Geologic features | 261 |
| | Uranium and radium ores | 263 |
| | Economic features | 263 |
| | Geologic features | 264 |
| XIII. | MISCELLANEOUS NON-METALLIC MINERALS | 267 |
| | Natural abrasives | 267 |
| | Economic features | 267 |
| | Geologic features | 269 |
| | Asbestos | 270 |
| | Economic features | 270 |
| | Geologic features | 271 |
| | Barite (barytes) | 272 |
| | Economic features | 272 |
| | Geologic features | 273 |
| | Borax | 274 |
| | Economic features | 274 |
| | Geologic features | 275 |
| | Bromine | 277 |
| | Economic features | 277 |
| | Geologic features | 278 |
| | Fuller's earth | 278 |
| | Economic features | 278 |
| | Geologic features | 279 |
| | Graphite (plumbago) | 279 |
| | Economic features | 279 |
| | Geologic features | 282 |
| | Gypsum | 283 |
| | Economic features | 283 |
| | Geologic features | 284 |
| | Mica | 285 |
| | Economic features | 285 |
| | Geologic features | 287 |
| | Monazite (thorium and cerium ores) | 288 |
| | Economic features | 288 |
| | Geologic features | 289 |
| | Precious stones | 289 |
| | Economic features | 289 |
| | Geologic features | 291 |
| | Salt | 294 |
| | Economic features | 294 |
| | Geologic features | 295 |
| | Talc and soapstone | 299 |
| | Economic features | 299 |
| | Geologic features | 299 |
| XIV. | EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT | 301 |
| | The general relations of the geologist to exploration and development | 301 |
| | Partly explored versus virgin territories | 303 |
| | The use of all available information | 304 |
| | Coöperation in exploration | 305 |
| | Economic factors in exploration | 306 |
| | Geologic factors in exploration | 307 |
| | Mineral provinces and epochs | 308 |
| | Classification of mineral lands | 309 |
| | Outcrops of mineral deposits | 311 |
| | Some illustrative cases | 312 |
| | Topography and climate as aids in searching for mineral outcrops | 314 |
| | Size and depth of ore bodies as determined from outcrops | 315 |
| | The use of placers in tracing mineral outcrops | 316 |
| | The use of magneetic surveys in tracing mineral ledges | 317 |
| | The use of electrical conductivity and other qualities of rocks in exploration | 319 |
| | The use of structure and metamorphism in exploration | 310 |
| | Drilling in exploration | 320 |
| | Quantitative aspects of geologic exploration | 321 |
| | Origin of mineral deposits as a factor in exploration | 322 |
| | Lake superior iron ore exploration as an illustration | 323 |
| | Development and exploitation of mineral deposits | 326 |
| XV. | VALUATION AND TAXATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES | 328 |
| | Popular conception of mineral valuation | 328 |
| | Valuation and taxation of mines | 329 |
| | Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in valuation | 329 |
| | Values of mineral deposits not often established by market transfers | 331 |
| | The ad valorem method of valuation | 331 |
| | Other methods of mineral valuation and taxation | 335 |
| | General comments on taxation of mineral resources | 338 |
| XVI. | LAWS RELATING TO MINERAL RESOURCES | 342 |
| | I. | Laws relating to ownership and control of mineral resources | 342 |
| | On alienated lands | 343 |
| | On the public domain | 344 |
| | Nationalization of mineral resources | 345 |
| | Effect of ownership laws on exploration | 347 |
| | Use of geology in relation to ownership laws | 349 |
| | II. | Laws relating to extraction of mineral resources | 355 |
| | III. | Laws relating to distribution and transportation of mineral resources | 355 |
| | IV. | Other relations of geology to law | 356 |
| XVII. | CONSERVATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES | 359 |
| | The problem | 359 |
| | Differences between private and public efforts in conservation | 363 |
| | The interest rate as a guide in conservation | 364 |
