Читать книгу Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies - Frede Blaabjerg - Страница 52

The process of grid modernization can be divided into four main stages as shown in Figure 1.21. The requirements, benefits, and risks associated with each stage are summarized below. Also, individual countries and grids operators should have updated policies and regulations supporting the transformation to a SG.

Stage 0: Includes manual control and local automation with little local and remote automation.

Stage 1: Includes the substations automation and remote control to be built on stage 0 by adding intelligent electrical devices (IED), remote terminal units (RTU), streaming sensors, and data communication facilities to achieve local and remote monitoring and control capabilities at HV/MV/LV substations.

Figure 1.20 Fishbone diagram showing gaps.

Figure 1.21 The main stages for achieving grid modernization.

Stage 2: Includes feeder automation and remote control built on Stage 1 by extending remote monitoring and advanced control to the outgoing feeders. This stage includes information from communicating meters to large industrial customers for improved control, management, and decision making.

Stage 3: Includes large‐scale penetrations and integration for DER, control, and management with big data management analytics and distributed data centers, DR, and self‐healing application. Also, adding ES, static VAR sources, and developed communication and control facilities to successfully implement high penetrations of DERs on the distribution feeders. This stage of grid modernization also entails the use of AMI to achieve on‐demand reading of consumer meters along with DR capabilities. Also, adding the intelligent energy management system (IEMS) and home energy management system (HEMS) will help with improved control, management, and decision‐making.

SG implementation requires special support and mechanisms including economic incentives, technology‐specific actions, new policies, and feed‐in tariffs. Without these particular requirements, the grid will not fully satisfy the national energy sector goals and future generations' needs.