Читать книгу Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies - Frede Blaabjerg - Страница 65

Grid operators are required to entirely assess the estimated costs, benefits, and potential risks of implementing the SG applications in order to define a reasonable investment plan for grid modernization. The investment plan should include a list of practical projects and applications to be implemented, their cost, and realization timeframes. Such a plan should mainly rely on the available technical and financial resources in order to achieve the maximum guaranteed return on investment (ROI) with minimum risk. SG will benefit both grid operators and their customers through new technologies development and new applications. The investment on SG is influenced by the targeted power grid reliability, security, efficiency, and resilience. However, disturbances, faults, blackouts, equipment damages, outages, customer interruption, loss of data, and losses of resources over time can result in investment delays in this sector which will also negatively affect a nation's economic growth. SG achieves a significant level of ROI rate and may deliver the highest and long‐term returns to the electric operators and customers, as shown in Figure 1.23 [89].

The SG implementation is a continuous process that includes a set of technologies and additional features that can be added gradually to reach the most effective supply and demand balance in addition to reliable and clean electricity. A market study by Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), indicates that the investment level at utility‐scale in the power grid is between $17 and $24 billion per year over the next 20 years [36]. Figure 1.24 and Table 1.2 list the major components of the SG total cost [90].

Low refers to an EPRI low estimate of $ total SG costs; HIGH refers to EPRI high estimate of $ total SG costs. The wide variety in these estimates of the investment that is needed to realize the grid modernization reflects the uncertainty of the current industry modernization stage [91]. Again, these costs are modest when compared with the yield fruitful benefits from SG implementation.

Figure 1.23 SG investment. Adapted from [89].

Figure 1.24 SG costs Ref [90]. Reproduced with permission from EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute).

Table 1.2 Investment costs of a fully functioning SG ($ M) [90]. Reproduced with permission from EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute)

	Low	High
Transmission and substations	82 046	90 413
Distribution system	231 960	339 409
Consumer Engagement	23 672	46 368
Total	337 678	476 190