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Fraser and Harvey (1986) described somatic embryogenesis from cultures that originated from anther walls in three A. chinensis genotypes: A. chinensis var. chinensis (yellow kiwifruit, diploid), male (‘Matua’) and female (‘Hayward’) and A. chinensis var. deliciosa (green kiwifruit, hexaploid) (Ferguson, 2016). Oliveira and Pais (1992) reported the induction of somatic embryos from in vitro ‘Hayward’ leaves, although germination was not achieved. In both reports, a pretreatment of cold and starvation was required for embryogenic culture induction. Induction from in vitro leaves occurred in explants submerged in the culture medium, indicating that the anaerobic conditions could be beneficial (Oliveira and Pais, 1992).

The induction of embryogenic cultures from stigmatic arm explants can occur (Ferradás et al., unpublished data). Induction medium (SEIM4) consisted of Nitsch and Nitsch (1969) salts, Murashige and Skoog (1962) vitamins, 0.1% casein hydrolysate and 6% sucrose, 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4.5 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) (Acanda et al., 2013) and supplemented with 0.5 mM sodium butyrate (NaB). Somatic embryos germinated in vitro (Fig. 1.1.1).

Fig. 1.1.1. Somatic embryogenesis from stigmatic arms of kiwifruit ‘Hayward’. (a) Cluster of somatic embryos from embryogenic culture that originated in stigmatic arms on SEIM4 (Acanda et al., 2013) medium supplemented with 0.5 mM NaB. Bar = 1 mm. (b) Plantlet formation from somatic embryos cultured on germination medium (Acanda et al., 2013). Bar = 1 cm.