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Mangoes are currently grown throughout the tropics and subtropics from the equator to approximately 37° latitude in southern Europe. Omani traders most probably introduced the monoembryonic mango from India to the southern Arab peninsula and West Africa during the early medieval period. This was followed by the Portuguese and Spanish voyages of exploration that occurred from the late 15th through the 18th centuries which spread the mango from the historic centres of cultivation in South and South-east Asia. The Portuguese carried the monoembryonic mango from Goa, to their colonies in Africa and thence to Brazil. Polyembryonic seedling mangoes were transported from the Philippines eastwards across the Pacific Ocean to Acapulco, Mexico, Central America and South America. The most important mango grown for domestic consumption in Mexico is ‘Manila’ (polyembryonic) which is identical to the ‘Carabao’ mango of the Philippines (López-Valenzuela et al., 1997).

The world production of mangoes can only be estimated as FAOSTAT includes mango, mangosteen and guava as a single production unit. According to Statista (2018a), world mango production in 2014 was 45.22 MMT, and Statista (2018b) estimated that production was 46.51 MMT. India is the largest producing country with slightly less than half of the world production, followed by China, Thailand, Indonesia, Pakistan, Mexico and the Philippines. International trade is dominated by cultivars developed in Florida (USA), e.g. ‘Haden’, ‘Keitt’, ‘Kent’, ‘Sensation’, ‘Tommy Atkins’, etc. Mexico is currently the largest exporter of mangoes (Mukherjee, 1998), and North America and the European Union (EU) are the largest markets for imported fresh mangoes.