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Conventional plant breeding has had limited impact on mango cultivar development due to the long juvenile period, polyembryony in South-east Asian types of mangoes and the lack of germplasm resources containing representative genetic diversity in many countries. Almost all of the commercial monoembryonic cultivars are vegetatively propagated selections made from openly pollinated seedling populations. Indeed, many of the superior Indian mango cultivars, e.g. ‘Alphonso’, ‘Dashehari’, ‘Langra’, etc., are selections that were made in vast orchards of seedling trees that were established at the time of the Mogul emperor Akbar in the 16th century. There is relatively little genetic variation within polyembryonic South-east Asian cultivars, e.g. ‘Arumanis’, ‘Carabao’, ‘Golek’, ‘Nam Doc Mai’, etc., which are generally propagated from nucellar (clonal) seedlings. A summary of recent cultivar releases from mango breeding programmes in India is provided in Table 2.2.1. Among these cultivars, ‘Mallika’ and ‘Amrapali’ have gained wide acceptance.

Table 2.2.1. Mango cultivars that have been released from conventional breeding programmes in India (Iyer and Degani, 1998; Iyer and Schnell, 2009).

Cultivar	Female parent	Male parent
‘Mallika’	‘Neelum’	‘Dashehari’
‘Amrapali’	‘Dashehari’	‘Neelum’
‘Sindhu’	‘Ratna’	‘Alphonso’
‘Ratna’	‘Alphonso’	‘Neelum’
‘Au Rumani’	‘Rumani’	‘Mulgoa’
‘Manjiri’	‘Rumani’	‘Neelum’
‘Neelphonso’	‘Neelum’	‘Alphonso’
‘Neeleshwar’	‘Neelum’	‘Dashehari’
‘Neeleshan Gujerat’	‘Neelum’	‘Baneshan’
‘Mahmood Bahar’	‘Bombay’	‘Kalapady’
‘Probashanker’	‘Bombay’	‘Kalapady’
‘Sundar Large’	‘Sardar Pasand’	‘Langra’
‘Alfazli’	‘Alphonso’	‘Fazli’
‘Sabri’	‘Gulabkhas’	‘Bombay’
‘Jawahar’	‘Gulabkhas’	‘Mahmood Bahar’
‘Swarnajehangir’	‘Jehangir’	‘Chinnaswarnarekha’
‘Neeludin’	‘Neelum’	‘Himayuddin’
‘Neelgoa’	‘Neelum’	‘Yerra Mulgoa’
‘Neeleshan’	‘Neelum’	‘Baneshan’
‘Arunima’	‘Amrapali’	‘Sensation’
‘Ambika’	‘Amrapali’	‘Janardhan Pasand’
‘Arka Aruna’	‘Banganapalli’	‘Alphonso’
‘Arka Puneet’	‘Alphonso’	‘Banganapalli’
‘Arka Anmol’	‘Alphonso’	‘Janardhan Pasand’
‘Arka Neelkiran’	‘Alphonso’	‘Neelum’
‘Alfa’	‘Mallika’	‘Van Dyke’
‘Beta’	‘Amrapali’	‘Winter’
‘Roxa’	‘Amrapali’	‘Tommy Atkins’
‘Lita’	‘Amrapali’	‘Tommy Atkins’

One of the most significant advances in mango cultivar development followed the systematic collection and planting of mango genetic resources in south Florida (USA) by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During subsequent years, open pollinations among these accessions, and later among the first and second generation of seedling trees, resulted in significant genetic recombination (Knight and Schnell, 1993) and Florida was once considered a secondary centre of mango diversity. The first generation of ‘Florida’ mangoes included ‘Haden’ and ‘Keitt’, which are both seedlings of ‘Mulgoba’ [sic] (monoembryonic), an accession from India. ‘Eldon’, ‘Glenn’, ‘Lippens’, ‘Springfels’, ‘Tommy Atkins’ and ‘Zill’ are second-generation selections and are seedlings of ‘Haden’. ‘Irwin’ is a seedling selection from openly pollinated ‘Lippens’. The utility of this approach to mango improvement has stimulated similar programmes in Australia, Brazil, Israel, Mexico and South Africa.

Because of the high level of heterozygosity in mango, the difficulty in making controlled pollinations and the high cost and time involved in screening large numbers of hybrid progenies, little is known about the inheritance of horticulturally important traits. Sharma and Majumdar (1988) made systematic observations of >1000 seedling trees following controlled pollinations. They recorded that regular bearing, dwarfness and precocity all appear to be controlled by recessive genes; whereas, resistance to mango malformation appears to be dominant. Iyer (1991) observed that yellow flesh colour is dominant over yellow-orange and that internal breakdown is a recessive character. The presence of a beak on mango fruit is a dominant character (Iyer and Subramanyam, 1979). Aron et al. (1998) reported that polyembryony is conferred by a single dominant gene.