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Research problem: What are the most opportune behind-the-meter transportation technologies/products to use for future summer peak V2G programs in California, Oregon and/or Washington?

To explore this question, we investigated a range of potential EV applications (see Table 1) and challenged ourselves to view the availability of these options over time (as they might emerge in the market place as viable resources for future V2G programs). For this evaluation, we defined summer peak periods as those generally experienced in Washington, Oregon and California, that is, from 1 June to 30 September, between 4 pm and 9 pm. Of course, while there is a daily evening peak, there are typically only about 20 days per year where utilities need additional resources to successfully serve peak loads (most often during summer heat waves or days of highest summer temperatures).

Table 1.Potential V2G applications.

Note: An “X” means that the technology/product is not a good fit; a ““ mark indicates a potentially good fit; and the use of both indicators means that the application depends on local considerations to determine whether it can be appropriately enrolled in a summer peak grid support program.