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Complications associated with plasma administration are most commonly recognized within the first 15 minutes of the start of administration, but have been observed up to 48 hours post‐transfusion. Clinical signs of transfusion reactions include urticaria (see Figure 6.4), anaphylaxis, pruritus, edema, tachypnea, tachycardia, pyrexia, colic, changes in mentation, muscle fasciculations, and evidence of hemolysis (hemolytic plasma, hemoglobinuria). Signs of anaphylaxis usually occur after transfusion of a few milliliters of plasma and include colic, diarrhea, laryngeal edema, hypotension, shock, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and loss of consciousness [29, 31].

Figure 6.4 Urticaria due to an immunological reaction after plasma transfusion in a horse.