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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as carbohydrate intolerance first diagnosed during pregnancy, usually at the 2nd or 3rd trimester, which is not overt pregestational diabetes [1]. GDM is associated with adverse outcome for the mother, fetus, and neonate; ongoing to his childhood and adulthood. Maternal consequences include increased rate of operative and cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, and future risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Fetal complications include macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, and birth trauma. The neonate is at risk for respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal intensive care (NICU) admission, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, polycythemia, and other electrolyte imbalances. Later in life, as the result of in utero exposure to glucose and insulin, the child and adult are prone to develop obesity, T2DM, and GDM.

Table 1. Screening strategy for detecting gestational diabetes – the 5th International workshop