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J. Albright: Welcome to the era of fake news, in: Media and Communication (5), 2017, Nr. 2, S. 87–89.

T. Bale/S. van Kessel/P. Taggart: Thrown Around with Abandon? Popular Understandings of Populism as Conveyed by the Print Media: A UK Case Study, in: Acta Politica (46), 2011, Nr. 2, S. 111–131.

G. Baym: The Daily Show: Discursive integration and the reinvention of political journalism, in: Political Communication (22), 2005, Nr. 3, S. 259-276.

J. Brummette/M. DiStaso/M. Vafeiadis/M. Messner: Read All About It: The Politicization of »Fake News« on Twitter, in: Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (95), 2018, Nr. 2, S. 497-517.

M. Carlson: Introduction: The Many Relationships of Journalism, in: M. Carlson/S. C. Lewis (Hg.), Boundaries of journalism: Professionalism, practices and participation, London 2015, S. 1-26.

M. Carlson: Journalistic authority: Legitimating news in the digital era, New York 2017, S. 8.

M. Carlson: Fake News as an Informational Moral Panic: The Symbolic Deviancy of Social Media During the 2016 US Presidential Election, in: Information, Communication & Society (19), 2018, Nr. 13, S. 1879-1888.

D. Cheruiyot: Popular criticism that matters: Journalists’ perspectives of »quality« media critique, in: Journalism Practice (12), 2018, Nr. 8, S. 1008-1018.

J. L. Egelhofer/ S. Lecheler: Fake news as a two-dimensional phenomenon: a framework and research agenda, in: Annals of the International Communication Association (43), 2019, Nr. 2, S. 97-116

J. L. Egelhofer/ L. Aaldering/J. M. Eberl/S. Galyga/S. Lecheler: From Novelty to Normalization? How Journalists Use the Term »Fake News« in their Reporting, in: Journalism Studies (21), 2020, Nr. 10, S. 1-21.

F. Esser/A. Stępińska/D. Hopmann: Populism and the media. Cross-national findings and perspectives, in: T. Aalberg/F. Esser/C. Reinemann/J. Stromback/C. De Vreese (Hg.), Populist political communication in Europe, New York 2016, S. 365-380.

J. Farkas/J. Schou: Fake News as a Floating Signifier: Hegemony, Antagonism and the Politics of Falsehood, in: Javnost – The Public (25), 2018, Nr. 3, S. 298-314.

Nayla Fawzi: Right-Wing Populist Media Criticism, in: Benjamin Krämer/Christina Holtz-Bacha (Hg.), Perspectives on Populism and the Media, 2020, S. 39-56.

A. Guess/B. Nyhan/J. Reifler: »You’re Fake News!« The 2017 Poynter Media Trust Survey, ‹https://poyntercdn.blob.core.windows.net/files/PoynterMediaTrustSurvey2017.pdf›.

J. Habgood-Coote: Stop Talking About Fake News!, in: Inquiry 62 (9-10), 2019, S. 1033-1065.

HLEG: A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation. Report of the independent High level Group on fake news and online disinformation, 2018, ‹https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/final-report-high-level-expert-group-fake-news-and-online-disinformation›.

I. Khaldarova/M. Pantti: Fake news, in: Journalism Practice (10), 2016, Nr. 7, S. 891-901.

J. M. Ladd: Why Americans hate the news media and how it matters, Princeton 2012.

G. Lakoff: »How You Help Trump«, 2018, ‹https://medium.com/@GeorgeLakoff/howyou-help-trump-9d0139b9d4c9›.

A. Mitchell/J. Gottfried/S. Fedeli/G. Stocking/M. Walker: Many Americans Say Made-Up News Is a Critical Problem That Needs To Be Fixed, Pew Research Center, 2019, ‹https://www.journalism.org/2019/06/05/many-americans-say-made-upnews-is-a-critical-problem-that-needs-to-befixed/›.

R. K. Nielsen/L. Graves: »News you don’t believe«: Audience perspectives on fake news, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 2017, ‹https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6eff4d14-bc72-404d-b78a-4c2573459ab8›.

J. Posetti/A. Matthews: A short guide to the history of »fake news« and disinformation, in: International Center for Journalists (7), 2018.

F. Prochazka/P. Weber/W. Schweiger: Effects of civility and reasoning in user comments on perceived journalistic quality, in: Journalism studies (19), 2018, Nr. 1, S. 62-78.

C. Reinemann/T. Aalberg/F. Esser/J. Strömbäck/C. H. de Vreese: Populist Political Communication, in: T. Aalberg/F. Esser/C. Reinemann/J. Stromback/C. De Vreese (Hg.), Populist Political Communication in Europe, New York 2016, S. 12-25.

C. Silverman: How The Bizarre Conspiracy Theory Behind »Pizzagate« Was Spread, 4.11.2016, ‹https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/fever-swamp-election?utm_term=.wdMze3vLz3#.xul5e8gP58›.

G. R. Smith: Politicians and the news media: How elite attacks influence perceptions of media bias, in: The International Journal of Press/Politics (15), 2010, Nr. 3, S. 319-343.

UN, OSCE, OAS, & ACHPR: Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and Fake News, Disinformation and Propaganda, 2017, ‹http://www.osce.org/fom/302796?download=true7›.

S. van der Linden/C. Panagopoulos/J. Roozenbeek: You are fake news: political bias in perceptions of fake news, in: Media, Culture & Society (42), 2020, Nr. 3. S. 460-470.

E. Van Duyn/J. Collier: Priming and fake news: The effects of elite discourse on evaluations of news media, in: Mass Communication and Society (22), 2019, Nr. 1, S. 29-48.

C. Wardle: Fake news. It’s complicated, 2017, ‹https://medium.com/1st-draft/fake-news-its-complicated-d0f773766c79›.

1Für einen Überblick über die Historie von politischer Desinformation, siehe J. Posetti/A. Matthews: A short guide to the history of ›fake news‹ and disinformation, in: International Center for Journalists (7), 2018.

2G. Baym: The Daily Show: Discursive integration and the reinvention of political journalism, in: Political Communication (22), 2005, Nr. 3, S. 259-276.

3‹https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Fake›.

4Z. B. C. Silverman: How The Bizarre Conspiracy Theory Behind »Pizzagate« Was Spread, 4.11.2016, ‹https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/fever-swamp-election?utm_term=.wdMze3vLz3#.xul5e8gP58›.

5Für einen tiefer gehenden Überblick zur Definition und Einordnung des Fake News Phänomens siehe J. L. Egelhofer/S. Lecheler: Fake news as a two-dimensional phenomenon: a framework and research agenda, in: Annals of the International Communication Association (43), 2019, Nr. 2, S. 97-116; für weitere Informationen zur Problematik des Begriffs siehe J. L. Egelhofer/L. Aaldering/J. M. Eberl/S. Galyga/ S. Lecheler: From Novelty to Normalization? How Journalists Use the Term »Fake News« in their Reporting, in: Journalism Studies, 2020, S. 1-21.

6Siehe Egelhofer/Lecheler, 2019.

7So definieren z. B. Khaldarova und Panttimanche Nachrichten des russischen Fernsehsenders Channel One als Fake News, siehe I. Khaldarova/M. Pantti. Fake news, in: Journalism Practice (10), 2016, Nr. 7, S. 891-901.

8Siehe Egelhofer/Lecheler, 2019.

9G. R. Smith: Politicians and the news media: How elite attacks influence perceptions of media bias, in: The International Journal of Press/Politics (15), 2010, Nr. 3, S. 319-343.

10J. M. Ladd: Why Americans hate the news media and how it matters, Princeton 2012.

11Smith, 2010.

12UN, OSCE, OAS, & ACHPR: Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and Fake News, Disinformation and Propaganda, 2017, ‹http://www.osce.org/fom/302796?download=true7›.

13M. Carlson: Journalistic authority: Legitimating news in the digital era, New York 2017, S. 8.

14Siehe auch D. Cheruiyot: Popular criticism that matters: Journalists’ perspectives of »quality« media critique, in: Journalism Practice (12), 2018, Nr. 8, S. 1008–1018, aus dem Englischen übersetzt.

15Siehe auch Nayla Fawzi: Right-Wing Populist Media Criticism, in: Benjamin Krämer/Christina Holtz-Bacha (Hg.), Perspectives on Populism and the Media, Baden-Baden 2020, S. 39-56.

16Siehe z. B. F. Prochazka/P. Weber/W. Schweiger: Effects of civility and reasoning in user comments on perceived journalistic quality, in: Journalism studies (19), 2018, Nr. 1, S. 62-78.

17Siehe auch G. Lakoff: »How You Help Trump«, 2018, ‹https://medium.com/@GeorgeLakoff/how-you-help-trump-9d0139b9d4c9›.

18Siehe Egelhofer/Lecheler, 2019.

19Für Überblicke siehe F. Esser/A. Stępińska/D. Hopmann: Populism and the media. Cross-national findings and perspectives, in: T. Aalberg/F. Esser/C. Reinemann/J. Stromback/ C. De Vreese (Hg.), Populist political communication in Europe, New York 2016, S. 365-380.

20Eine Übersicht der Fake News-Vorwürfe von PolitikerInnen weltweit ist hier aufbereitet: ‹https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/30/opinion/editorials/fake-news.html›.

21J. Albright: Welcome to the era of fake news, in: Media and Communication (5), 2017, Nr. 2, S. 87, (aus dem Englischen übersetzt).

22HLEG (2018): A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation. Report of the independent High level Group on fake news and online disinformation. ‹https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/final-report-high-level-expert-group-fake-news-and-online-disinformation›. S. 10, (aus dem Englischen übersetzt).

23C. Wardle: Fake news. It‘s complicated, 2017, ‹https://medium.com/1st-draft/fake-news-its-complicated-d0f773766c79›, (aus dem Englischen übersetzt).

24siehe auch J. Habgood-Coote: Stop Talking About Fake News!, in: Inquiry 62 (9-10), 2019, S. 1033-1065.

25Baym, 2005.

26M. Carlson: Introduction: The Many Relationships of Journalism, in: M. Carlson/S. C. Lewis (Hg.), Boundaries of journalism: Professionalism, practices and participation, London 2015, S. 1-26.

27Baym, 2005.

28Carlson, 2015, S. 8, (aus dem Englischen übersetzt).

29M. Carlson: Fake News as an Informational Moral Panic: The Symbolic Deviancy of Social Media During the 2016 US Presidential Election, in: Information, Communication & Society (19), 2018, Nr. 13, S. 1879-1888.

30J. Farkas/J. Schou: Fake News as a Floating Signifier: Hegemony, Antagonism and the Politics of Falsehood, in: Javnost – The Public (25), 2018, Nr. 3, S. 298-314.

31S. van der Linden/C. Panagopoulos/J. Roozenbeek: You are fake news: political bias in perceptions of fake news, in: Media, Culture & Society (42), 2020, Nr. 3. S. 460-470.

32J. Brummette/M. DiStaso/M. Vafeiadis/M. Messner: Read All About It: The Politicization of »Fake News« on Twitter, in: Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (95), 2018, Nr. 2, S. 497-517.

33Als Advertorials bezeichnet man eine Form der Werbung, welche so aufgemacht ist, dass sie den Eindruck vermittelt, es handle sich um redaktionelle Nachrichtenartikel.

34R. K. Nielsen/L. Graves: »News you don’t believe«: Audience perspectives on fake news, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 2017.

35Siehe Egelhofer et al., 2020.

36‹https://journals.lww.com/­neurotodayonline/­Fulltext/2017/04060/­Is_Successful_Brain_­Training_Fake_News__.6.aspx›.

37Albright, 2017.

38T. Bale/S. van Kessel/P. Taggart: Thrown Around with Abandon? Popular Understandings of Populism as Conveyed by the Print Media: A UK Case Study, in: Acta Politica (46), 2011, Nr. 2, S. 111-131.

39Siehe Egelhofer et al., 2020.

40‹https://www.journalism.org/­2019/06/05/­many-americans-say-made-up-­newsis-a-critical-problem-­that-needs-to-be-fixed/›.

41Siehe z. B. Ladd, 2012.

42A. Guess/B. Nyhan/J. Reifler: »You’re Fake News!« The 2017 Poynter Media Trust Survey, ‹https://poyntercdn.blob.core.windows.net/­files/­PoynterMediaTrustSurvey2017.pdf›.

43E. Van Duyn/J. Collier: Priming and fake news: The effects of elite discourse on evaluations of news media, in: Mass Communication and Society (22), 2019, Nr. 1, S. 29-48.

44Ebd.

45Ebd.

46Für weiterführende Informationen zur Verwendung des Fake News-Begriffs siehe Egelhofer et al., 2020.