Читать книгу Industry 4.1 - Группа авторов - Страница 25

Industry 4.0 is a collective term for technologies and paves the way to and for visions of a smart factory and smart manufacturing [31], which can be achieved by the integration of both IoT [33, 35] and CPS [34]. A smart factory possesses smart‐manufacturing scenarios; while smart manufacturing emphasizes man‐machine cooperation and production logistics management by applying IoT, CPS, cloud‐based approaches, big data, and communicating technologies [36, 37]. Briefly speaking, in order to step forward to the next advanced manufacturing level, Industry 4.0 focuses on enabling people, equipment, and products to communicate with each other independently; and allows venders and their customers to stay closer in the production processes and to react faster upon the changing market requirements.

IoT is a communication network for connecting every physical object (or “thing”) in the real world which has naming, sensing, and processing abilities [38]. As a production factor with ubiquitous connections, it has been considered the promising technology of IT infrastructure for seamlessly integrating classical networks and networked objects, for data acquisition and sharing great effects of the performance for many enterprise systems in modern manufacturing [33, 35]. On the other hand, CPS is a term to describe the interconnection between the physical and cyber world. By integrating analog/digital hardware, middleware, and highly flexible software behind cyberspace, CPS achieve the creation of a link between virtual elements and real entities [34, 36, 39]. In this way, physical entities can be controlled by the intelligence from cyber elements. Currently, embedded systems only focus on the stand‐alone computation rather than interaction with physical elements. Thus, CPS are usually referred as advanced embedded systems because of being intrinsically connected with internet‐connected objects [38] for performing desired functions that are frequently accompanied with real‐time computing capability and are able to link each embedded system to digital networks for independently facilitating data processing. A large number of recent studies [37, 38, 40, 41] also emphasized that IoT and CPS are supposed to have intelligence because they are assumed capable of being identified, sensing events, interacting with others, and making decisions by themselves. In summary, IoT provides a basic platform for connecting all CPS, and CPS cooperate seamlessly with real and virtual spaces to make Industry 4.0 possible. Therefore, we can definitely say that there is no CPS without IoT; no Industry 4.0 without CPS and IoT.

Cloud computing has emerged as a new trend of internet application in recent years [42]. By leveraging and extending the characteristics of cloud computing to meet the global and distributed requirements of current manufacturing industry, cloud‐based manufacturing, also referred as CMfg, has recently emerged as a next‐generation manufacturing paradigm. As remarked in [42], CMfg is characterized by many factors (such as scalability, agility, resource pooling, virtualization, multi‐tenancy, ubiquitous access, self‐service, search engine, social media, crowdsourcing, etc.) and is different from traditional web‐ and agent‐based manufacturing paradigms from several aspects, such as computing architecture, data storage, operational process, business model, etc. Hence, CMfg is surely a new paradigm which will revolutionize the manufacturing industry. In fact, CMfg is also regarded as one of the best solutions for implementing IoT/CPS [30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 42, 43, 44] because of its powerful computing capability.

To realize CPS, the technology of Big Data Analytics (BDA) are adopted widely. Therefore, BDA is also one of the core technologies of Industry 4.0.