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Generally speaking, two stages are involved for achieving Zero Defects in Industry 4.1:

 Stage I: accomplish Zero Defects of all the deliverables by applying efficient and economical total‐quality‐inspection techniques.

 Stage II: ensure Zero Defects of all the products gradually by improving the yield with big data analytics and continuous improvement.

Stage I can be accomplished by directly applying AVM to perform Total Inspection on all the possible deliverables. If any defects are found in a possible deliverable, then this one should not be delivered to customers. As a result, the goal of ZD for all the deliverables is achieved.

The manufacturing‐related data of all the defective products found in Stage I should be collected such that the KSA in IYM can be performed on those data to find out the root causes that result in the defects. Then, those root causes should be fixed for reducing possible defects that may occur in the subsequent production run. As such, the goal of nearly ZD for all the products can be accomplished by continuous improvements. The process mentioned in this paragraph is the so‐called Stage II.