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Renal biopsies are performed in fish to obtain cultures from the posterior kidney in fish with a systemic infection or to investigate renal disease. For instance, a renal biopsy would be indicated to investigate a renal mass displacing the swim bladder ventrally on radiographs (Figure 5.19): this can be due to polycystic kidney disease in goldfish. To access the posterior kidney, make a paramedian coelomic incision midway between the lateral line and pelvic fin. Retract the gonads and the digestive tract. Gently dissect the swim bladder away from the kidney (Harms and Wildgoose 2001). Obtain a wedge biopsy of the underlying kidney. Possible complications include hemorrhage and nephrocalcinosis at the site of biopsy (Harms and Wildgoose 2001).

Figure 5.19 Whole body right lateral radiograph (a) and ultrasound image (b) from a goldfish (Carassius auratus) presenting with a cystic renal mass displacing the caudal chamber of the swim bladder ventrally.

Source: Photo courtesy: Companion Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine Service, University of California, Davis.

Some fish species have a urinary bladder and calcium phosphate uroliths have been reported (Osborne et al. 2009). The removal of bladder stones from a bridled burrfish (Chilomycterus antennatus) by Howard Krum, Veterinary Medicine Doctor, aired during a Public Broadcasting Service of Scientific America in 1998.