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For a ventral coelomic cavity approach, position the patient in dorsal recumbency (Wright and Whitaker 2001a). A paramedian incision is recommended to avoid the ventral abdominal vein (Figure 6.8) (Wright and Whitaker 2001a). Incise the skin and coelomic muscles with a scalpel blade or iris scissors. Have an assistant, gently retract the coelomic wall or use a self‐retaining retractor such as Heiss, Lone Star, or Gelpi retractors or a Barraquer eyelid speculum. After celiotomy, the coelom should be sutured with absorbable monofilament suture material (Tuttle et al. 2006) in two layers, one for the muscle and one for the skin (Wright and Whitaker 2001a; Gentz 2007; Green 2010). In small amphibians, it is possible to suture both the muscle and skin in a single layer without complication (Archibald et al. 2015). When working with aquatic amphibians, such as newts, neotenic species, and tadpoles, positive buoyancy after anesthetic recovery is an important consideration, so gas should be removed from the coelomic cavity at the end of the procedure. The weight of hemostatic clips should be considered when working with small aquatic animals due to postoperative negative buoyancy issues.

Figure 6.8 Exploratory celiotomy in an Argentine horned frog (Ceratophrys ornata). Intra‐operative images.

Source: Photo courtesy: Zoological Medicine Service, Université de Montréal.

A ventral coelomic hernia has been successfully repaired in a female tomato frog (Meier 1982). Distended intestines were found to prolapse subcutaneously through a right lateral coelomic hernia. To repair a coelomic hernia, make a cutaneous incision medial to the hernia and replace the prolapsed organs into the coelom. If the coelomic musculature is thin and friable, place an absorbable gelatin sponge in the coelomic cavity inside the muscular defect and suture the muscles as best as possible over the gelatin sponge. Close the skin in a simple continuous pattern with absorbable monofilament suture.