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Gastrointestinal foreign bodies have been reported in various fish species (Clark 1988; Lecu et al. 2011; Lloyd and Lloyd 2011) and are a common finding in captive and wild sharks (Lloyd and Lloyd 2011). When foreign body removal manually per os or via endoscopy is not possible, gastrotomy or enterotomy is performed. Depending on the fish species and location of the foreign body, use a ventral midline approach cranial to the pectoral fins or between the pectoral and anal fins (Lloyd and Lloyd 2011). Gently exteriorize the intestine (Figure 5.20) and place stay sutures. Digestive tract layers are the same as those of terrestrial vertebrates (Dos Santos et al. 2015). Make a full thickness enterotomy as close as possible to the object in a relatively healthy segment. Multiple foreign objects can often be removed through one enterotomy. If vascular integrity of the digestive segment has been compromised, a resection and anastomosis should be performed, if possible (Sladky and Clarke 2016). In large fish, close the digestive tract in two layers with a monofilament absorbable suture material (Lloyd and Lloyd 2011). Close the second layer using an inverting or simple continuous suture pattern. In smaller fish, use a single inverting suture pattern taking care to include all layers. Lavage the coelomic cavity with sterile saline and then use sterile instruments to close the coelomic wall.

Figure 5.20 A goldfish (Carassius auratus) showing its impacted intestine exteriorized from the coelom and placed on wet gauze.

Source: Photo courtesy: Zoological Medicine Service, Université de Montréal.