Читать книгу Surgery of Exotic Animals - Группа авторов - Страница 130

Minimal invasive surgery has been described in detail for amphibians (Chai 2015b). Indications are similar to other vertebrate species and include organ biopsy, sex determination, and retrieval of gastrointestinal foreign bodies (Gentz 2007). An oral speculum may be used during gastroscopy to prevent trauma to the endoscope. To visualize the heart, liver, urinary bladder, and gastrointestinal tract via celioscopy, a paramedian incision has been recommended, whereas a lateral approach is preferred to visualize the gonads, adrenal glands, and kidneys (Gentz 2007). Celioscopy should take no more than 10 minutes to minimize anesthetic risks (Chai 2015b). Saline insufflation or carbon dioxide insufflation can be used to improve visualization during celioscopy (Chai 2015a).