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Technical Considerations for Pathologic Evaluation of Developing Mice

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The plan for pathologic evaluation for any phenotyping project in developing mice will utilize techniques comparable to those applied when examining adult mice. However, the choice of methods will depend on several factors unique to prenatal and early postnatal animals, including the developmental age of the subjects, the presumed timing of the lethal event(s), and in many instances the expertise and interest of the investigators and cost. In general, the initial pathologic evaluation of a novel phenotype will center on known anatomic, clinical, and molecular pathology procedures [5, 58]. For prenatal phenotypes, both the embryo and placenta must be examined since developmental and lethal events may occur in either or both of these specimens.

An important consideration for success in mouse developmental pathology is a sufficient degree of prior knowledge and experience by the morphologist. Developmental pathology is an endeavor where DIY (“do it yourself”) assessments [59] are rarely efficient or effective, and often are incorrect or misleading. Substantial money, time, and animals will likely be wasted if individuals with limited or no foundation in mouse developmental biology and pathology attempt to lead a developmental pathology project.

Pathology of Genetically Engineered and Other Mutant Mice

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