Читать книгу Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia - Группа авторов - Страница 236

 It is not possible to directly visualize the larynx and pharynx due to the shape of the horse's head and the minimal opening of the mouth. However, these structures can be visualized using an endoscope.

 Palpation of the upper trachea and intermandibular space will give an indication of swelling or increased sensitivity.

 Pharyngeal swelling (e.g. from abscess formation) may cause obvious signs of airway obstruction.

 Guttural pouch tympany in foals may result in distortion of the pharynx.

 Dysphagia resulting from swelling of the tongue or pharynx may indicate a difficult intubation.

 In cases of mandibular fracture, use of a mouth gag may be contraindicated and nasal intubation or a temporary tracheostomy may be necessary during surgery.If nasal intubation is to be performed, determine if the nasal passages are patent by assessing airflow at the nostrils as described above.