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Tensile loading occurs when equal and opposite loads are applied to distract the ends of a bone. Maximum tensile stress occurs on a plane perpendicular to the direction of applied load. The structure lengthens and narrows, and subsequently fails as a result of debonding at cement lines and osteonal pull out to result in a transverse fracture configuration (Figure 3.3). Long bones are not well adapted to resist uniaxial tensile loads, which are not common during normal physiological activities.

Figure 3.2 Common fracture configurations and simplified causative forces illustrated on diagrams of the dorsal surface of the third metacarpal bone.

Source: Modified from Morgan and Bouxsein [36].