Читать книгу Fractures in the Horse - Группа авторов - Страница 62

The distinction between non‐displaced, minimally displaced and displaced fractures is often arbitrary and can be difficult to define radiographically. Complete oblique and spiral fractures of the proximal long bones (humerus, radius, femur and tibia) can displace markedly due to the forces placed on the fragments by associated large muscles [180]. Non‐displaced or minimally displaced fracture lines may not be obvious on radiographs obtained in the acute stage [185]. Taking multiple radiographic projections (for example, as recommended in the diagnosis of third tarsal bone slab fractures) or repeating radiographs in 5–10 days may help to confirm clinical suspicion of a non‐displaced or minimally displaced fracture. The use of additional imaging modalities such as ultrasound (particularly for pelvic and scapular fractures), nuclear scintigraphy (for incomplete fractures of the proximal portions of the limbs and axial skeleton), computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (standing systems likely to be preferred in most cases) if available and applicable may help to identify and better characterize displacement [147].