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Compressive loading occurs when equal and opposite loads are applied to push the ends of the bone closer together. Axial compression causes the bone to shorten and widen. Because bone material is weakest in shear and the plane of maximum shear stress is offset 45° from the axis of loading, diaphyseal fractures due to longitudinal compression have an oblique configuration (Figure 3.4) [41].

in vivo, oblique fractures often result from a combination of compression, bending and/or torsion forces that cause the bone to break diagonally to the long axis. The fracture morphology reflects the predominate type of load. If compression forces are predominant, a short oblique configuration will occur. If bending forces are predominant, the fracture will have a transverse component, with or without a butterfly fragment. Long oblique fractures, which are often difficult to differentiate from spiral fractures, are common when torsion is the predominant force.