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When externally applied forces (loads) act on an object, it will undergo deformation (i.e. changes in dimensions). Forces expressed relative to the areas of application are termed stresses, and deformations caused by these stresses and expressed as a proportion of the original dimensions are called strains.

The mechanical behaviour of a bone organ (e.g. a humerus) is related to its structural properties (dependent on size/shape/geometry, etc.) and material properties (the bone tissue that it is made of, which is independent of shape/geometry, etc.). When testing the structural properties of bone, the relationship between load and displacement is represented by the load–deformation curve. When testing material properties, load and displacement are recorded as stress and strain. In other words, for the bone organ as a whole, the deformation is a function of the load applied. Within the bone material, the strain is a function of the stress induced [42]. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) develop and maintain standards for testing materials and structures in different industries.