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One of the goals of the development of DNA molecular machines is their application to control cellular functions. DNA nanostructures are also as a container for the molecules, by incorporating a dynamic open/close system to release or expose target molecules. The first example of a dynamic nanostructure with open/close system is a DNA box, whose lid opening is controlled by strand displacement with toehold‐containing DNAs [26]. An octahedral structure with a photoresponsive open/close system was constructed to include and release AuNPs [114].

Douglas and co‐workers created a nanorobot for transporting molecular payloads to target biomolecules on the cell surface, which induces a 3D structure change and selectively controls cellular functions. (Figure 1.16a) [115]. The DNA nanorobot with a hexagonal barrel shape opened into two domains, and one end of the structure had hinges to allow the opening and closing of the structure. When the target molecule bound to the connecting dsDNAs (aptamer locks) in the closed structure, it opened by dissociation of the connecting dsDNA. The barrel structure was designed to be opened by recognition and binding to the target molecules on the cell surface. When the barrel structure was designed to open with two types of target molecules, it could be opened only when both target molecules were present on the cell surface. A specific antibody was also incorporated into the structure. The opening of the tubular structure by recognition of the target biomolecules on the cell surface led to the binding of this antibody to the receptor on the cell surface and subsequently activated a signaling pathway to induce either cell death or cell division, as instructed. Using this system, cancer cells can be killed based on the recognition of multiple cellular markers. The nanorobot could be an innovative medical molecular machine that targets various biomolecules and induces regulation of cellular functions.