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Tail chasing

 Intervertebral disc disease

 Injury of the tail

 Anal sac disease

 Spinal cord disease including neoplasia

 Cauda equina syndrome

 Focal seizures

 Flea allergy

Fly snapping

 Viral diseases such as distemper

 Tick‐borne diseases such as Lyme, ehrlichiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever

 Focal seizures

 Central nervous system neoplastic disease

 Gastroesophageal reflux

 Lymphocytic, eosinophilic, or plasmacytic enteritis

 Delayed gastric emptying

 Chiari malformation

 Chorioretinitis or other ocular abnormalities

Acral lick dermatitis

 Allergic dermatitis

 Peripheral neuropathy

 Orthopedic disease or arthropathy

 Osteosarcoma or other neoplasia

 Foreign body (retained pin, grass awns)

 Infection: bacterial, fungal, or parasitic

 Trauma (laceration)

 Endocrinopathies

Pica

 Pyruvate kinase deficiency and other blood abnormalities

 Feline infectious peritonitis

 Lead poisoning

 Portosystemic shunts and other forms of liver disease

 Gastrointestinal infections (Campylobacter, Clostridium)

 Ehrlichia

 Iron‐deficiency anemia

Psychogenic alopecia in cats

 Allergies including atopy, food‐based and hypersensitivity reactions

 Bacterial, fungal, or parasitic skin infections

 Hyperthyroidism

 Pain (from multiple causes and multiple sources)

Table 4.3 Endocrinological disorders that may lead to behavioral changes.

Conditions	Possible behavioral changes
Dogs
Hyperadrenocorticism	Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, increased panting, lethargy; the signs can be easily confused with signs of anxiety
Diabetes mellitus	Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia; if ketoacidotic may be lethargic, depressed, and anorexic
Hypoadrenocorticism	Lethargy, anorexia
Hypothyroidism	Weight gain, lethargy, weakness and exercise intolerance
Hyperthyroidism	Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, panting, irritability, and restlessness (uncommon in dogs)
Cats
Hyperadrenocorticism	Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, lethargy (dullness); excess sex hormones can also result in sexual behavior, including urine marking and intraspecific aggression; females may exhibit signs similar to those seen in estrous queens
Diabetes mellitus	Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, lethargy, depression, and anorexia; diabetic neuropathy has the potential to result in discomfort when being touched or petted; may be irritable or aloof
Hypoadrenocorticism	Lethargy, anorexia
Hypothyroidism	Lethargy, mental dullness (rare in cats)
Hyperthyroidism	Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, increased vocalization, irritability, and restlessness

Hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine disease of cats, and clinical signs reflect the overall increase in metabolism. These cats are often restless and have been described as hyperactive, polyphagic, irritable, and even aggressive. They may be more vocal, appear anxious, and urine mark.