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Главная Авторы Jane Flint Principles of Virology, Volume 1

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Principles of Virology, Volume 1

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Страница 1 Table of Contents List of Tables List of Illustrations Guide Pages VOLUME I Molecular Biology PRINCIPLES OF
Virology Страница 8Страница 9 About the Instructor Companion Website Страница 11 Acknowledgments About the Authors Key of Repetitive Elements 1 Foundations LINKS FOR CHAPTER 1 Luria’s Credo Viruses Defined Why We Study Viruses Viruses Are Everywhere PRINCIPLES Foundations Viruses Infect All Living Things BOX 1.1 BACKGROUND Some astounding numbers BOX 1.2 DISCUSSION The first animal virus discovered remains a scourge today Viruses Can Cause Human Disease Viruses Can Be Beneficial Viruses “R” Us Viruses Can Cross Species Boundaries Viruses Are Unique Tools To Study Biology Virus Prehistory Viral Infections in Antiquity The First Vaccines Microorganisms as Pathogenic Agents BOX 1.3 DISCUSSION Origin of vaccinia virus Discovery of Viruses BOX 1.4 DISCUSSION New methods amend Koch’s principles The Defining Properties of Viruses The Structural Simplicity of Virus Particles The Intracellular Parasitism of Viruses Organisms as Hosts Lessons from Bacteriophages Animal Cells as Hosts BOX 1.5 EXPERIMENTS The Hershey-Chase experiment BOX 1.6 BACKGROUND Properties of lysogeny shared with animal viruses Lytic versus Lysogenic Response to Infection Propagation as a Prophage Insertional Mutagenesis Gene Repression and Induction Transduction of Host Genes BOX 1.7 TERMINOLOGY The episome BOX 1.8 DISCUSSION Are viruses living entities? What can/can’t they do? Cataloging Animal Viruses The Classical System BOX 1.9 TERMINOLOGY Complexities of viral nomenclature Classification by Genome Type: the Baltimore System BOX 1.10 DISCUSSION Giant viruses discovered in amoebae A Common Strategy for Viral Propagation Perspectives REFERENCES Books STUDY QUESTIONS 2 The Infectious Cycle LINKS FOR CHAPTER 2 Introduction The Infectious Cycle The Cell PRINCIPLES The infectious cycle Entering Cells Viral RNA Synthesis Viral Protein Synthesis Viral Genome Replication Assembly of Progeny Virus Particles Viral Pathogenesis BOX 2.1 EXPERIMENTS In vitro assembly of tobacco mosaic virus Overcoming Host Defenses Cultivation of Viruses Cell Culture Types of Cell Culture BOX 2.2 BACKGROUND The cells of Henrietta Lacks BOX 2.3 EXPERIMENTS Zika virus blocks the neuronal road Evidence of Viral Reproduction in Cultured Cells BOX 2.4 TERMINOLOGY In vitro and in vivo Embryonated Eggs Laboratory Animals Assay of Viruses Measurement of Infectious Units Plaque Assay Fluorescent-Focus Assay BOX 2.5 METHODS Calculating virus titer from the plaque assay Infectious-Centers Assay Transformation Assay End-Point Dilution Assay Efficiency of Plating BOX 2.6 METHODS End-point dilution assays Measurement of Virus Particles Electron Microscopy Hemagglutination Centrifugation Measurement of Viral Enzyme Activity Serological Methods BOX 2.7 DISCUSSION Neutralization antigenic sites Fluorescent Proteins Fluorescence Microscopy Detection of Viral Nucleic Acids BOX 2.8 EXPERIMENTS Viral RNA is not infectious virus BOX 2.9 EXPERIMENTS Pathogen de-discovery Viral Reproduction: the Burst Concept The One-Step Growth Cycle BOX 2.10 METHODS How to read a phylogenetic tree One-Step Growth Analysis: a Valuable Tool for Studying Animal Viruses BOX 2.11 DISCUSSION Multiplicity of infection (MOI) Global Analysis DNA Microarrays Mass Spectrometry Protein-Protein Interactions Single-Cell Virology BOX 2.12 WARNING Determining a role for cellular proteins in viral reproduction can be quite difficult Perspectives REFERENCES Books Review Articles Papers of Special Interest STUDY QUESTIONS 3 Genomes and Genetics LINKS FOR CHAPTER 3 Introduction Genome Principles and the Baltimore System Structure and Complexity of Viral Genomes PRINCIPLES Genomes and Genetics BOX 3.1 BACKGROUND What information is encoded in a viral genome? BOX 3.2 TERMINOLOGY Important conventions: plus (+) and minus (–) strands DNA Genomes Double-Stranded DNA (dsDNA) (Fig. 3.2) Gapped DNA (Fig. 3.3) Single-Stranded DNA (ssDNA) (Fig. 3.4) RNA Genomes dsRNA (Fig. 3.5) BOX 3.3 BACKGROUND RNA synthesis in cells (+) Strand RNA (Fig. 3.6) (+) Strand RNA with a DNA Intermediate (Fig. 3.7) (–) Strand RNA (Fig. 3.8) What Do Viral Genomes Look Like? Coding Strategies What Can Viral Sequences Tell Us? The “Big and Small” of Viral Genomes: Does Size Matter? BOX 3.4 EXPERIMENTS Planaria and mollusks yield the biggest RNA genomes The Origin of Viral Genomes Genetic Analysis of Viruses BOX 3.5 EXPERIMENTS Origin of segmented RNA virus genomes Classical Genetic Methods Mapping Mutations Functional Analysis BOX 3.6 METHODS Spontaneous and induced mutations BOX 3.7 TERMINOLOGY What is wild type? Engineering Mutations into Viral Genomes Infectious DNA Clones BOX 3.8 TERMINOLOGY DNA-mediated transformation and transfection BOX 3.9 METHODS Synthesis of infectious horsepox virus from chemically synthesized DNA Types of Mutation Introducing Mutations into the Viral Genome Reversion Analysis BOX 3.10 TERMINOLOGY Operations on nucleic acids and proteins BOX 3.11 DISCUSSION Is the observed phenotype due to the mutation? RNA Interference (RNAi) Targeted Gene Editing with CRISPR-Cas9 Haploid Cell Screening Engineering Viral Genomes: Viral Vectors DNA Virus Vectors RNA Virus Vectors Perspectives REFERENCES Review Articles Papers of Special Interest STUDY QUESTIONS {buyButton}

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