Читать книгу Textbook of Lifestyle Medicine - Labros S. Sidossis - Страница 72

 An unhealthy diet has been associated with the development of a number of diseases, including CVD, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, liver and gallbladder diseases, and obesity.

 Excess caloric intake can adversely affect insulin sensitivity as well as plasma glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels, which are all linked to obesity. Overeating has also been associated with increased aging rate and the development of age‐related diseases.

 The effects of SFAs on CVD depend on what replaces them in the diet. Replacing saturated fat with PUFAs lowers the risk of coronary heart disease; on the other hand, replacing saturated fat with refined carbohydrates has no benefit on the prevention of coronary heart disease and may even increase the corresponding risk.

 Dairy products (e.g., yogurt and cheese) may have a neutral or even beneficial effect on CVD risk; in fact, it seems that CVD risk decreases from moderate dairy consumption.

 TFA intake has been positively and robustly associated with increased risk of CHD and related mortality.

 Dietary fiber has been associated with reduced all‐cause and cardiovascular‐related mortality, incidence of CHD, stroke incidence and mortality, T2DM, and colorectal cancer. The adequate daily intake of fiber is 14 g/1000 kcal, or 25 g/day for women and 38 g/day for men.

 Overconsumption of calories and unhealthy dietary patterns, such as the Western dietary pattern, might be the main contributing factors for chronic diseases.

 Western‐type diets are positively associated with chronic diseases by increasing ROS production, insulin secretion, and insulin resistance; promoting low‐grade inflammation and abnormal activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin‐angiotensin system; and leading to gut microbiota alterations.

 Very‐high and very‐low carbohydrate diets have been associated with increased all‐cause mortality, with the lowest risk observed at 50–55% carbohydrate intake.

 Physical inactivity can explain 6–10% of the main NCDs and 9% of premature mortality, while physical activity may increase quality of life and possibly life expectancy.

 Obesity grades 2 and 3 (BMI > 35 kg/m2) may be a risk factor of NCD development, even in the absence of other major risk factors.

 Tobacco use increases the incidence of a variety of chronic diseases, such as stroke, CHD, diabetes, respiratory problems, impaired immune function, and several types of cancer.

 Excessive alcohol intake has been linked to the development of more than 200 major diseases.

 Stress can trigger the inflammatory response in the circulatory system, mainly in the coronary arteries, which is thought to be one of the mechanisms mediating the development of CVD.

 The term epigenetic mechanisms refers to the parameters involved in the modifications of gene regulation, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA‐based mechanisms.

 Maternal health and lifestyle habits, as well as infants' early nutrition and exposure to environmental factors, are involved in the development of metabolic diseases later in life.