Читать книгу Textbook of Lifestyle Medicine - Labros S. Sidossis - Страница 73

1 Which of the following sentences is correct?Excess caloric intake has favorable effects on insulin sensitivity.Overeating has been associated with increased aging rate.One week of hypercaloric feeding does not affect fasting plasma insulin.a and b

2 Fill in the blanks:The substitution of ________ for SFAs might reduce CHD risk.Replacing SFA _________ reduces CVD risk.Results from prospective studies show ________ in CVD risk from full‐fat dairy consumption.The highest degree of _________ is generated during the manufacturing process of hydrogenated vegetable and marine oils, such as margarines, confectionary fats, and fat spreads.Diets restricted in red meat may have ________ effect on cardiometabolic outcomes and cancer incidence and mortality._________ smoking can lead to important benefits in terms of longevity and mortality risk.Very‐high and very‐low carbohydrate diets have been associated with increased all‐cause mortality; the lowest risk is observed when_________ of daily energy comes from carbohydrate intake.

3 What is the recommended daily amount of fiber intake?

4 According to the World Cancer Research Fund, what is the recommendation of red meat consumption per week?

5 How much moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity physical activity should children engage in?30 minutes or more per day60 minutes or more per day90 minutes or more per day150 minutes or more per day

6 What are the recommendations for physical activity for adults?

7 Tobacco use has been shown to have a positive relationship with:strokeCHDT2DMrespiratory problemsimpaired immune functionall of the above

8 Define the terms binge and heavy drinking.

9 How can stress affect CVD development?

10 What does the term epigenetic mechanisms refer to?

11 Briefly describe the effects of SFAs on health.

12 How can TFAs increase CVD risk?

13 Which of the following statements about Western‐type diets are correct?They are characterized by high intakes of meat, refined grains, fast food, eggs, high‐sugar drinks and sweets, as well as low intake of fruits and vegetables.They represent a major risk factor for hypertension due to their high salt content.They can induce low‐grade inflammation and oxidative stress and lead to an abnormal activation of the sympathetic nervous system.They seem to alter the structure of the microbiome even in the absence of obesity.All of the above

14 Fill in the blanks:Inactive adults have_________increased risk of all‐cause mortality, compared to those who engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate‐intensity PA per week._________is the leading risk factor of cancer‐specific deaths._________may be related to decreased all‐cause mortality, compared to body weight values in the normal BMI range._________ but not_________ TFAs are associated with increased risk of CHD.Changing our diet from:________‐based foods to_________‐based foods may result in better health outcomes.

15 Which of the following statements about TFAs are correct?TFA intake has been positively and robustly associated with increased risk of CHD and related mortality.TFAs are naturally present in foods, such as legumes and vegetable oils.Foods that commonly contain margarine, such as deep‐fried foods, baked goods, and snacks, are therefore high in TFAs.Naturally occurring TFAs are associated with increased risk of CVD.TFAs are not dangerous as long as total fat intake is low.