Читать книгу Дизайн урока и планирование с нуля / Lesson Design and Planning from scratch. Technology integration - Марина Юрьевна Грабарь - Страница 5

We can teach a lesson about Russia, but what do we want our students to be able to do

afterward?

List regions?

Label them on a map?

Describe geographical differences?

There are so many choices!

Depending on what you want students to be able to DO at the end of a lesson, it will help us choose the right action verb for writing an instructional objective.

Instructional objectives often will depend on the overall curriculum plan and the level of the learners, but it also involves the teacher’s influence in designing a lesson.

Are you fed up with using the same old methods to introduce your lesson topic?

Do you ever have trouble writing learning objectives for your lessons? Often we know what we want our students to learn, but more importantly, we need to decide what we want our students to be able to do after a particular lesson or class.

The ABCD method of writing objectives is an excellent way to structure instructional objectives. In this method, «A» is for the audience, «B» is for behavior, «C» for conditions, and «D» is for the degree of mastery needed.

Example: -«Given a sentence written in the past or present tense, the student will be able to re-write the sentence in future tense with no errors in tense or tense contradiction (i.e., I will see her yesterday.).» The key here is to use verbs that indicate a clearly observable and measurable action. Appropriate action verbs for the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains are listed below.

Bloom’s Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain Bloom’s taxonomy of cognitive learning, originated by Benjamin Bloom and collaborators in the 1950s, describes several categories of cognitive learning.

This taxonomy was revised in 2001 by Anderson and Krathwohl to change the category names from nouns to verbs, and to switch the Evaluation and Synthesis levels in the hierarchy.

Many people also call the analysis, synthesis/create, and evaluation categories «problem-solving.»

ACTION VERBS APPROPRIATE FOR EACH LEVEL OF

BLOOM’S/ANDERSON & KRATHWOHL’S TAXONOMY (Cognitive

Domain)

Remember: Define Identify List Name Recall Recognize Record Relate Repeat Underline

Understand: Choose Cite examples of Demonstrate use of Describe Determine

Differentiate between Discriminate Discuss Explain Express Give in own words Identify

Interpret Locate Pick Report Restate Review Recognize Select Tell Translate Respond

Practice Simulates

Apply: Apply Demonstrate Dramatize Employ Generalize Illustrate

Interpret Operate Operationalize Practice Relate Schedule Shop Use Utilize Initiate

Analyze: Analyze Appraise Calculate Categorize Compare Conclude Contrast Correlate Criticize

Deduce Debate Detect Determine Develop Diagram Differentiate Distinguish Draw

conclusions Estimate Evaluate Examine Experiment Identify Infer Inspect Inventory Predict

Question Relate Solve Test Diagnose

Evaluate: Appraise Assess Choose Compare Critique Estimate Evaluate Judge Measure Rate Revise Score Select Validate Value

– Lesson Design and Planning from scratch

– Create: Arrange Assemble Collect Compose Construct Create Design Develop Formulate Manage Modify Organize Plan Prepare Produce Propose Predict Reconstruct Set-up Synthesize Systematize Devise

Krathwohl and Bloom’s Taxonomy of the Affective Domain Krathwohl and Bloom’s 1964 taxonomy of the affective domain describes several categories of affective learning.

AFFECTIVE TAXONOMY Level Definition

Example

Receiving Being aware of or attending to something in the environment. Individual reads a book passage about civil rights. Responding Showing some new behaviors as a result of experience. Individual answers questions about the book, read another book by the same author, another book about civil rights, etc. Valuing Showing some definite involvement or commitment. The individual demonstrates this by voluntarily attending a lecture on civil rights. Organization Integrating a new value into one’s general set of values, giving it some ranking among one’s general priorities. The individual arranges a civil rights rally.

Characterization by Value Acting consistently with the new value. The individual is firmly committed to the value, perhaps becoming a civil rights leader

ACTION VERBS APPROPRIATE FOR EACH LEVEL OF KRATHWOHL & BLOOM’S TAXONOMY (Affective Domain)

Receiving Accept Attend Develop Recognize Responding Complete Comply Cooperate Discuss Examine Obey Respond Valuing Accept Defend Devote Pursue Seek Organization Codify Discriminate Display Order Organize Systematize Weigh Characterization by Value Internalize Verify

Psychomotor Domain The following is a synthesis of the taxonomies of Simpson (1972), Dave (1970), and Harrow (1972).

ACTION VERBS APPROPRIATE FOR THE PSYCHOMOTOR TAXONOMY Bend Calibrates Constructs Differentiate (by touch) Dismantles Displays Fastens Fixes Grasp Grinds Handle Heats Manipulates Measures Mends Mixes Operate Organizes Perform (skillfully) Reach Relax Shorten Sketches Stretch Write

– PSYCHOMOTOR TAXONOMY Level Definition Example Observing Active mental attending of a physical event.

– The learner watches a more experienced person. Other mental activity, such as reading may be a pert of the observation process.

– Imitating Attempted copying of a physical behavior. The first steps in learning a skill. The learner is observed and given direction and feedback on performance.

– Movement is not automatic or smooth.

– Practicing Trying a specific physical activity over and over. The skill is repeated over and over. The entire sequence is performed repeatedly.

– Movement is moving towards becoming automatic and smooth.

– Adapting Fine-tuning.

– Making minor adjustments in physical activity in order to perfect it. The skill is perfected.