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Richard I. G. Holt
Essential Endocrinology and Diabetes
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Страница 1
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Страница 7
Страница 8
Страница 9
List of abbreviations
Страница 11
CHAPTER 1 Overview of endocrinology Key topics
Learning objectives
Box 1.1
The endocrine and nervous systems are the two main communication systems in the body
A brief history of endocrinology and diabetes
Box 1.2
Some landmarks in endocrinology over the last century or so
Box 1.3
The ‘Endocrine Postulates’: Edward Doisy, St Louis University School of Medicine, USA, 1936
The role of hormones
Classification of hormones
Peptide hormones
Box 1.4
Major hormone groups
Amino acid derivatives
Steroid hormones
Control systems regulating hormone production
Simple control
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Box 1.5
Endocrine cycles
Inhibitory control
Endocrine rhythms
Endocrine disorders
Key points
CHAPTER 2 Basic cell biology and hormone synthesis Key topics
Learning objectives
Box 2.1
The structure of DNA
Chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis
Synthesizing a peptide or protein hormone Gene transcription and its regulation
Translation into protein
Box 2.2
Genetic, genomic and epigenetic abnormalities that can result in endocrinopathy
Post‐translational modification of peptides
Box 2.3
Role of post‐translational modifications
Storage and secretion of peptide hormones
Synthesizing a hormone derived from amino acids or cholesterol
Enzyme action and cascades
Synthesizing hormones derived from amino acids
Box 2.4
Hormones derived from tyrosine
Synthesizing hormones derived from cholesterol
Box 2.5
Hormones derived from cholesterol
Nomenclature of steroidogenic pathways
Storage of steroid hormones
Hormone transport
Key points
CHAPTER 3 Molecular basis of hormone action Key topics
Learning objectives
Cell‐surface receptors
Binding of hormone to receptor
Signal transduction
Box 3.1
Some basic facts about hormone receptors
Box 3.2
Binding characteristics of hormone receptors
Box 3.3
Categories of cell‐surface receptors
Tyrosine kinase receptors
Receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
Insulin signalling pathways
Box 3.4
Defects in the insulin signalling pathways and ‘insulin resistance’ syndromes
Receptors that recruit tyrosine kinase activity
Growth hormone and prolactin signalling pathways – the Janus family of tyrosine kinases
Box 3.5
One of the major targets of GH signalling is the IGF‐I gene
G‐protein–coupled receptors
Box 3.6
Defects in growth hormone signalling pathways and growth hormone resistance syndromes
Box 3.7
Sub‐families of Gα protein subunits
Second messenger pathways
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Diacylglycerol and Ca 2+
Box 3.8
Defects in the G‐protein–coupled receptor/G‐protein signalling pathways
Nuclear receptors
Target cell conversion of hormones destined for nuclear receptors
Nuclear localization, DNA binding and transcriptional activation
Orphan nuclear receptors and variant nuclear receptors
Endocrine transcription factors
Key points
CHAPTER 4 Investigations in endocrinology and diabetes Key topics
Learning objectives
Pre‐analytical requirements for accurate endocrine testing
Laboratory assay platforms
Immunoassays
Box 4.1
Pre‐analytical requirements for accurate endocrine testing Patient preparation:
Sample Collection
Blood samples
Urine
Sample Handling
Immunometric assays – the sandwich assays
Immunoassays – the competitive‐binding assays
Analytical methods linked to mass spectrometry
Enzymatic assays
Reference ranges
Static and dynamic testing
Box 4.2
Dynamic investigation in endocrinology
Cell and molecular biology as diagnostic tools Karyotype
Fluorescence
in situ
hybridization
Genome‐wide microarray‐based technology
Diagnosing mutations in single genes by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing
Imaging in endocrinology Ultrasound
Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
Nuclear medicine and uptake marker scans
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Key points
Страница 105
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