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1905	First use of the term ‘hormone’ by Starling in the Croonian Lecture at the Royal College of Physicians
1909	Cushing removed part of the pituitary and saw improvement in acromegaly
1914	Kendall isolated an iodine‐containing substance from the thyroid
1921	Banting and Best extracted insulin from islet cells of dog pancreas and used it to lower blood glucose
Early 1930s	Pitt‐Rivers and Harrington determined the structure of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine
1935–1940	Crystallization of testosterone
1935–1940	Identification of oestrogen and progesterone
1940s	Harris recognized the relationship between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in the ‘portal‐vessel chemotransmitter hypothesis’
1952	Gross and Pitt‐Rivers identified tri‐iodothyronine in human serum
1955	The Schally and Guillemin laboratories showed that extracts of hypothalamus stimulated adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) release
1950s	Adams and Purves identified thyroid stimulatory auto‐antibodies
Gonadectomy and transplantation experiments by Jost led to the discovery of the role for testosterone in rabbit sexual development
1955	Marcel Janbon and colleagues first recognized the hypoglycaemic effects of sulphonamide antibiotics during a typhoid epidemic in Marseilles in 1942. This led to the introduction of sulphonylureas into clinical practice
1955	Sanger reported the primary structure of insulin
1956	Doniach, Roitt and Campbell associated antithyroid antibodies with some forms of hypothyroidism – the first description of an autoimmune phenomenon
1957	Growth hormone was used to treat children with short stature
1966	First transplant of human pancreas to treat type 1 diabetes by Kelly, Lillehei, Goetz and Merkel at the University of Minnesota
1969	Hodgkin reported the three‐dimensional crystallographic structure of insulin
1969–1971	Discovery of thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone (TRH) and gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) by Schally’s and Guillemin’s groups
1973	Discovery of somatostatin by the group of Guillemin
1981–1982	Discovery of corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and growth hormone‐releasing hormone (GHRH) by Vale
1983	Cloning of gene encoding glucagon and two glucagon‐like peptides, including GLP‐1, by Bell and colleagues
1994	Identification of leptin by Friedman and colleagues
1994	First transplantation of pancreatic islets to treat type 1 diabetes by Pipeleers and colleagues in Belgium
1999	Discovery of ghrelin by Kangawa and colleagues
1999	Sequencing of the human genome – publication of the DNA code for chromosome 22
2000	Advanced islet transplantation using modified immunosuppression by Shapiro and colleagues to treat type 1 diabetes
2005	GLP‐1 receptor agonists introduced into clinical practice
2010	SGLT‐2 inhibitors entered clinical practice

Table 1.1 Nobel prizewinners in endocrinology and diabetes or those whose discoveries have profoundly affected the specialty

Year	Prizewinner(s)	For work on …
1909	Emil Theodor Kocher	Physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland
1923	Frederick Grant Banting and John James Richard Macleod	Discovery of insulin
1928	Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus	Constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins
1939	Adolf Friedrich and Johann Butenandt	Sex hormones
1943	George de Hevesy	Use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes
1946	James Batcheller Sumner, John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley	Discovery that enzymes can be crystallized and prepared in a pure form
1947	Carl Ferdinand Cori, Getty Theresa Cori (neé Radnitz) and Bernardo Alberto Houssay	Discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen
1950	Edwin Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein and Philip Showalter Hench	Discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects
1955	Vincent du Vigneaud	Biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone
1958	Frederick Sanger	Structures of proteins, especially that of insulin
1964	Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen	Discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
1964	Dorothy Hodgkin	X‐ray crystallography, a method used to determine the three‐dimensional structures of molecules, including insulin
1966	Charles Brenton Huggins	Discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer
1969	Derek HR Barton and Odd Hassel	Development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry
1970	Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler and Julius Axelrod	Discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation
1971	Earl W Sutherland Jr	Discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones
1977	Roger Guillemin, Andrew V Schally and Rosalyn Yalow	Discoveries concerning peptide hormones in the production in the brain and the development of radioimmunoassay from peptide hormones
1979	Allan M Cormack and Godfrey N Hounsfield	Development of computer‐assisted tomography
1982	Sune K Bergström, Bengt I Samuelson and John R Vane	Discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances
1985	Michael S Brown and Joseph L Goldstein	Discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism
1986	Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi‐Montalcini	Discoveries of growth factors
1992	Edmond H Fischer and Edwin G Krebs	Discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism
1994	Alfred G Gilman and Martin Rodbell	Discovery of G‐proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells
2003	Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon	Discovery of water channels, and the structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels
2003	Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield	Discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging
2010	Robert G Edwards	Development of in vitro fertilisation

Figure 1.2 The sites of the principal endocrine glands. While the stomach, kidneys and duodenum are shown, a multitude of different hormones are secreted right the way along the gastrointestinal tract.

Traditionally, endocrinology has centred on specialized hormone‐secreting organs (Figure 1.2), largely founded on the ‘endocrine postulates’ of Edward Doisy (Box 1.3). While the focus of this textbook remains on these organs, virtually all tissues make hormones of some description or, equally relevant, modulate the action of hormones from other sites. All of these different aspects are important for a complete appreciation of endocrinology and its significance.