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Foreword

Why was this book written?

People working in industry are often confronted with the effects of rheology, the science of deformation and flow behavior. When looking for appropriate literature, they find either short brochures which give only a few details and contain little useful information, or highly specialized books overcharged of physical formulas and mathematical theories. There is a lack of literature between these two extremes which reduces the discussion of theoretical principles to the necessary topics, providing useful instructions for experiments on material characterization. This book is intended to fill that gap.

The practical use of rheology is presented in the following areas: quality control (QC), production and application, chemical and mechanical engineering, industrial research and development, and materials science. Emphasis is placed on current testing methods related to daily working practice. After reading this book, the reader should be able to perform useful tests with rotational and oscillatory rheometers, and to interpret the achieved results correctly.

How did this book come into existence?

The first computer-controlled rheometers came into use in industrial laboratories in the mid-1980s. Ever since then, test methods as well as control and analysis options have improved with breath-taking speed. In order to organize and clarify the growing mountain of information, company Anton Paar Germany – and previously Physica Messtechnik – has offered basic seminars on rheology already since 1988, focused on branch-specific industrial application. During the “European Coatings Show” in Nuremberg in April 1999, the organizer and publishing director Dr Lothar Vincentz suggested expanding these seminar notes into a comprehensive book about applied rheology.

What is the target audience for this book? For which industrial branches will it be most interesting?

The Rheology Handbook is written for everyone approaching rheology without any prior knowledge but is also useful to people wishing to update their expertise with information about recent developments. The reader can use the book as a course book and read from beginning to end or as a reference book for selected chapters. The numerous cross-references make connections clear and the detailed index helps when searching. If required, the book can be used as the first step on the ladder towards theory-orientated rheology books at university level. In order to break up the text, there are as well many figures and tables, illustrative examples and small practical experiments, as well as several exercises for calculations. The following list reflects how the contents of the book are of interest to rheology users in many industrial branches.

 Polymers: Solutions, melts, solids; film emulsions, cellulose solutions, latex emulsions, solid films, sheetings (uni-laminar, multi-laminar), laminates; natural resins, epoxies, casting resins; silicones, caoutchouc, gums, soft and hard rubbers; thermoplastics, elastomers, thermosets, blends, foamed materials; uncrosslinked and cross-linked polymers containing or without fillers or fibers; polymeric compounds and composites; solid bars of glass-fiber, carbon-fiber and synthetic-fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP, CFRP, SFRP); polymerization, cross-linking, curing, vulcanization, melting and hardening processes; powder rheology, resin powders, granulates

 Adhesives and sealants: Glues, single and multi-component adhesives, pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA), UV curing adhesives, hotmelts, plastisol pastes (e. g. for automotive underseals and seam sealings), construction adhesives, putties; uncured and cured adhesives; curing process; tack, stringiness

 Coatings, paints, lacquers: Spray, brush, dip coatings; solvent-borne, water-based coatings; metallic effect, textured, low solids, high solids, photo-resists, UV (ultra violet) radiation curing, powder coatings; glazes and stains for wood; coil coatings; reactive fire-protection coatings; solid coating films; powder rheology, powder coatings, colored powders (e. g. titanium dioxide, soot), e. g. for additive manufacturing (AM)

 Printing inks and varnishes: Gravure, letterpress, flexographic, planographic, offset, screen printing inks, UV (ultra violet) radiation curing inks; ink-jet printer inks; writing inks for pens; mill-base premix, color pastes, “thixo-pastes”; liquid and pasty pigment dispersions; printing process; misting; tack; powder rheology: materials for additive manufacturing (AM)

 Paper coatings: Primers and topcoats; immobilization process

 Foodstuffs: Water, vegetable oils, aroma solvents, fruit juices, baby food, liquid nutrition, liqueurs, syrups, purees, thickeners as stabilizing agents, gels, pudding, jellies, ketchup, mayonnaise, mustard, dairy products (such as yogurt, cream cheese, cheese spread, soft and hard cheese, curds, butter), emulsions, chocolate (melt), soft sweets, ice cream, chewing gum, dough, whisked egg, cappuccino foam, sausage meat, sauces containing meat chunks, jam containing fruit pieces, animal feed; bio-technological fluids; gel formation of hydrocolloids (e. g. of corn starch and gelatin); interfacial rheology (e. g. for emulsions, foams); rheology of powders and granulates: milk powder, cocoa powder, coffee powder, coffee whitener, flour, starch powder (e. g. as a binder), powdered sugar, granulated sugar, spices, animal feed (as granulates, pellets), grain, corn, rice, spray-dried products; influence of humidity (e. g. biscuits, cookies, crackers); food tribology (e. g. for creaminess); tack

 Cosmetics, beauty care products: Perfume oils, emulsions (e. g. skin care, hair-dye), lotions, nail polish, roll-on fluids (deodorants), shampoo, shower gels, skin creams, abrasive peeling creams, hair gels, styling waxes, shaving creams, tooth-gels, toothpastes, makeup dispersions, lipstick, mascara, medical adhesives (e. g. for diapers), super-absorbers; hairs, sponges; interfacial rheology (e. g. for emulsions, foams); powder rheology: make-up powders, rouge, deodorant powders, dry shampoo, baby powders, hygienics powders

 Pharmaceuticals, medicaments, bio-tech products, health and personal care products: Cough mixtures, wetting agents, nose sprays, vaccines, blood (hemo-rheology), blood-plasma substitutes, emulsions, saliva, mucus, hydrogels, skin creams, synovia fluid (e. g. for joints), hyaluronan acid (HA), ointments, vaseline, natural and synthetic membranes, silicone pads and cushions, dental molding materials, tooth filling, sponges, contact lenses, medical adhesives (e. g. for skin plasters, dental prothesis), denture fixative creams, hair, bone cement, implants, organic-inorganic compounds (hybrids); “biologically active” suspensions and gels (e. g. microalgae, bacteria); tribolgy: bacterial bio-films, biological cells, tissue engineered medical products (TEMPs), cartilage, catheters; interfacial rheology (e. g. emulsions, foams); powder rheology: tablets, disinfection powders

 Agrochemicals: Plant or crop protection agents, solutions and dispersions of insecticides and pesticides, herbicides and fungicides

 Detergents, home care products: Household cleaning agents, liquid soap, disinfectants, surfactant solutions, dispersions containing viscoelastic surfactants (VES), washing-up liquids, dish washing agents, laundry, fabric conditioners, washing powder concentrate, fat removers; interfacial rheology: emulsions, foams; powder rheology: superabsorbers (e. g. for diapers)

 Surface technology: Polishing and abrasive suspensions; cooling emulsions; powder rheology, tribology: polishing powders, abrasive suspensions

 Electrical engineering, electronics industry: Thick film pastes, conductive, resistance, insulating, glass paste, soft solder and screen-printing pastes; SMD adhesives (for surface mounted devices), insulating and protective coatings, de-greasing agents, battery fluids and pastes, coatings for electrodes

 Petrochemicals: Crude oils, petroleum, solvents, de-icing agents, fuels, mineral oils, light and heavy oils, lubricating greases, paraffines, waxes, petrolatum, vaseline, natural and polymer-modified bitumen (PmB), asphalt binders, distillation residues; from coal and wood: tar and pitch; interfacial rheology (e. g. for emulsions); tribology: lubricating behavior

 Ceramics and glass: Casting slips, kaolin and porcelain suspensions, glass powder and enamel pastes, glazes, plastically deformable ceramic pastes, glass melts, aero-gels, xero-gels, sol/gel materials, composites, organo-silanes (hybrids), basalt melts; powder rheology: ceramic powders (e. g. for additive manufacturing, AM), clay, loam

 Construction materials: Self-levelling cast floors, plasters, mortar, cement suspensions, tile adhesives, dispersion paints, sealants, floor sheeting, natural and polymer-modified bitumen (PmB), and GTR (ground tire rubber) modified asphalt binder (for road pavement); bulk and powder rheology: sand, lime, chalk, gypsum

 Metals: Melts of magnesium, aluminum, steel, alloys, slags; molding process in a semi-solid state (“thixo-forming”, “thixo-casting”, “thixo-forging”), compounds: ceramic fiber reinforced light-weight metals; powder rheology: metal powders (e. g. for additive manufacturing, AM)

 Waste industry: Waste water, sewage sludges, animal excrements (e. g. of fishes, poultry, cats, dogs, pigs, cattle), residues from refuse incineration plants; powder rheology: sludges, filter cakes

 Geology, soil mechanics, mining industry: Sludges from coal, peat, soil, drilling muds; river and lake sediment masses; soil deformation (e. g. due to mining operations, earthwork, canal and drain constructions, operations of vehicles in agriculture); drilling fluids, fracturing fluids (e. g. containing “flow improvers”); melts of volcanic stones (e. g. basalt), lava, magma, salt melts; powder rheology: coal powder, briquet manufacturing

 Disaster control: Foam for fire extinguishers, deformation behavior of burning materials, soil deformation due to floods and earthquakes

 Materials for special functions (e. g. as “smart fluids”): Magneto-rheological fluids (MRF), electro-rheological fluids (ERF), di-electric (DE) materials, self-repairing coatings, materials showing self-organizing superstructures (e. g. surfactants), dilatant fabrics (shock-absorbing, “shot-proof”), mesogenic fluids (MF), liquid crystals (LC), ionic fluids, micro-capsule paraffin wax (e. g. as “phase-change material” PCM), shape-memory materials (SPM); tribology: haptic sensation (when prooving the shape of the whole sample) or tactile sensation (when touching or scanning the surface); systems reacting by a change in shape due to an external excitation (e. g. temperature, light, pressure); powder rheology: materials used for additive manufacturing (AM)

It is pleasing that the first four editions of The Rheology Handbook, published in 2002, 2006, 2011 and 2014 sold out so unexpectedly quickly. It was positive to hear that the books met with approval, not only from laboratory technicians and practically oriented engineers, but also from teachers and professors of schools and colleges of applied sciences. Even at universities, The Rheology Handbook is meanwhile taken as an introductory teaching material for explaining the basics of rheology in lectures and practical courses, and as a consequence, many students worldwide are using it when writing their final paper or thesis. This textbook is also available in German language, and between 2000 and 2016 also here, five editions were published meanwhile (title: Das Rheo­logie Handbuch).

New in this fifth edition is Chapter 13 (shear tests with powders and bulk solids). Further present-day examples have been added resulting as well from contacts to industrial users as well as from corporation with several working groups, e. g. for developing modern standardizing measuring methods for diverse industrial branches. The references and standards have been updated (e. g. in Chapter 15).

I hope that The Rheology Handbook will prove itself a useful source of information for characterizing the above mentioned products in an application-oriented way, assuring their quality and helping to improve them wherever possible.

Stuttgart, June 2020

Thomas G. Mezger