Читать книгу The Rheology Handbook - Thomas Mezger - Страница 5

1  Foreword

2  1 Introduction 1.1 Rheology, rheometry and viscoelasticity 1.2 Deformation and flow behavior 1.3 References

3  2 Flow behavior and viscosity 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Definition of terms 2.2.1 Shear stress 2.2.2 Shear rate 2.2.3 Viscosity 2.3 Shear load-dependent flow behavior 2.3.1 Ideal-viscous flow behavior 2.4 Types of flow illustrated by the Two-Plates model 2.5 References

4  3 Rotational tests 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Basic principles 3.2.1 Test modes-controlled shear rate (CSR) and controlled shear stress (CSS), raw data and rheological parameters 3.3 Flow curves and viscosity functions 3.3.1 Description of the test 3.3.2 Shear-thinning flow behavior 3.3.3 Shear-thickening flow behavior 3.3.4 Yield point 3.3.5 Overview: flow curves and viscosity functions 3.3.6 Fitting functions for flow and viscosity curves 3.3.7 The effects of rheology additives in water-based dispersions 3.4 Time-dependent flow behavior and viscosity function 3.4.1 Test description 3.4.2 Time-dependent flow behavior of samples showing no hardening 3.4.3 Time-dependent flow behavior of samples showing hardening 3.5 Temperature-dependent flow behavior and viscosity function 3.5.1 Test description 3.5.2 Temperature-dependent flow behavior of samples showing no hardening 3.5.3 Temperature-dependent flow behavior of samples showing hardening 3.5.4 Fitting functions for curves of the temperature-dependent viscosity 3.6 Pressure-dependent flow behavior and viscosity function 3.7 References

5  4 Elastic behavior and shear modulus 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Definition of terms 4.2.1 Deformation and strain 4.2.2 Shear modulus 4.3 Shear load-dependent deformation behavior 4.3.1 Ideal-elastic deformation behavior 4.4 Yield point determination using the shear stress/deformation diagram 4.5 References

6  5 Viscoelastic behavior 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Basic principles 5.2.1 Viscoelastic liquids according to Maxwell 5.2.2 Viscoelastic solids according to Kelvin/Voigt 5.3 Normal stresses 5.4 References

7  6 Creep tests 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Basic principles 6.2.1 Description of the test 6.2.2 Ideal-elastic behavior 6.2.3 Ideal-viscous behavior 6.2.4 Viscoelastic behavior 6.3 Analysis 6.3.1 Behavior of the molecules 6.3.2 The Burgers model 6.3.3 Curve discussion 6.3.4 Definition of terms 6.3.5 Data conversion 6.3.6 Determination of the molar mass distribution 6.4 Determination of the yield point via creep tests 6.5 References

8  7 Relaxation tests 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Basic principles 7.2.1 Description of the test 7.2.2 Ideal-elastic behavior 7.2.3 Ideal-viscous behavior 7.2.4 Viscoelastic behavior 7.3 Analysis 7.3.1 Behavior of the molecules 7.3.2 Curve discussion 7.3.3 Definition of terms 7.3.4 Data conversion 7.3.5 Determination of the molar mass distribution 7.4 References

9  8 Oscillatory tests 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Basic principles 8.2.1 Ideal-elastic behavior 8.2.2 Ideal-viscous behavior 8.2.3 Viscoelastic behavior 8.2.4 Definition of terms 8.2.5 The test modes controlled shear strain and controlled shear stress, raw data and rheological parameters 8.3 Amplitude sweeps 8.3.1 Description of the test 8.3.2 Limiting value of the LVE range 8.3.3 Determination of the yield point and the flow point by amplitude sweeps 8.3.4 Frequency-dependence of amplitude sweeps 8.3.5 SAOS and LAOS tests, and Lissajous diagrams 8.4 Frequency sweeps 8.4.1 Description of the test 8.4.2 Behavior of uncrosslinked polymers (solutions and melts) 8.4.3 Behavior of crosslinked polymers 8.4.4 Behavior of dispersions and gels 8.4.5 Comparison of superstructures using frequency sweeps 8.4.6 Multiwave test 8.4.7 Data conversion 8.5 Time-dependent behavior at constant dynamic-mechanical and isothermal conditions 8.5.1 Description of the test 8.5.2 Time-dependent behavior of samples showing no hardening 8.5.3 Time-dependent behavior of samples showing hardening 8.6 Temperature-dependent behavior at constant dynamic mechanical conditions 8.6.1 Description of the test 8.6.2 Temperature-dependent behavior of samples showing no hardening 8.6.3 Temperature-dependent behavior of samples showing hardening 8.6.4 Thermoanalysis (TA) 8.7 Time/temperature shift 8.7.1 Temperature shift factor according to the WLF method 8.8 The Cox/Merz relation 8.9 Combined rotational and oscillatory tests 8.9.1 Presetting rotation and oscillation in series 8.9.2 Superposition of oscillation and rotation 8.10 References

10  9 Complex behavior, surfactant systems 9.1 Surfactant systems 9.1.1 Surfactant structures and micelles 9.1.2 Emulsions 9.1.3 Mixtures of surfactants and polymers, polymers containing surfactant components 9.1.4 Applications of surfactant systems 9.2 Rheological behavior of surfactant systems 9.2.1 Typical shear behavior 9.2.2 Shear-induced effects, shear-banding and “rheo chaos ” 9.3 References

11  10 Measuring systems 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Concentric cylinder measuring systems (CC MS) 10.2.1 Cylinder measuring systems in general 10.2.2 Narrow-gap concentric cylinder measuring systems according to ISO 3219 10.2.3 Double-gap measuring systems (DG MS) 10.2.4 High-shear cylinder measuring systems (HS MS) 10.3 Cone-and-plate measuring systems(CP MS) 10.3.1 Geometry 10.3.2 Calculations 10.3.3 Conversion between raw data and rheological parameters 10.3.4 Flow instabilities and secondary flow effects in CP systems 10.3.5 Cone truncation and gap setting 10.3.6 Maximum particle size 10.3.7 Filling of the cone-and-plate measuring system 10.3.8 Advantages and disadvantages of cone-and-platemeasuring systems 10.4 Parallel-plate measuring systems(PP MS) 10.4.1 Geometry 10.4.2 Calculations 10.4.3 Conversion between raw data and rheological parameters 10.4.4 Flow instabilities and secondary flow effects in a PP system 10.4.5 Recommendations for gap setting 10.4.6 Automatic gap setting and automatic gap controlusing the normal force control option 10.4.7 Determination of the temperature gradientin the sample 10.4.8 Advantages and disadvantages of parallel-plate measuring systems 10.5 Mooney/Ewart measuring systems(ME MS) 10.6 Relative measuring systems 10.6.1 Measuring systems with sandblasted, profiledor serrated surfaces 10.6.2 Spindles in the form of disks, pins, and spheres 10.6.3 Krebs spindles 10.6.4 Paste spindles and rotors showing pins and vanes 10.6.5 Ball measuring systems (motion along a circular path) 10.6.6 Further relative measuring systems 10.7 Measuring systems for solid torsion bars 10.7.1 Bars showing a rectangular cross section 10.7.2 Bars showing a circular cross section 10.7.3 Composite materials 10.8 Special measuring devices 10.8.1 Special measuring conditions which influence rheology 10.8.2 Rheo-optical measuring devices 10.8.3 Other special measuring devices 10.8.4 Other kinds of testings besides shear tests 10.9 References

12  11 Instruments 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Short overview: methods for testing viscosity and elasticity 11.2.1 Very simple determinations 11.2.2 Flow on a horizontal plane 11.2.3 Spreading or slump on a horizontal plane after lifting a container 11.2.4 Flow on an inclined plane 11.2.5 Flow on a vertical plane or over a special tool 11.2.6 Flow in a channel, trough or bowl 11.2.7 Flow cups and other pressureless capillary viscometers 11.2.8 Devices showing rising, sinking, falling and rolling elements 11.2.9 Penetrometers, consistometers and texture analyzers 11.2.10 Pressurized cylinder and capillary devices 11.2.11 Simple rotational viscometer tests 11.2.12 Devices with vibrating or oscillating elements 11.2.13 Rotational and oscillatory curemeters (for rubber testing) 11.2.14 Tension testers 11.2.15 Compression testers 11.2.16 Linear shear testers 11.2.17 Bending or flexure testers 11.2.18 Torsion testers 11.3 Flow cups 11.3.1 ISO cups 11.3.2 Other types of flow cups 11.4 Capillary viscometers 11.4.1 Glass capillary viscometers 11.4.2 Pressurized capillary viscometers 11.5 Falling-ball viscometers 11.6 Stabinger viscometer 11.7 Rotational and oscillatory rheometers 11.7.1 Rheometer set-ups 11.7.2 Control loops 11.7.3 Devices to measure torques 11.7.4 Devices to measure deflection angles and rotational speeds 11.7.5 Bearings 11.7.6 Temperature control systems 11.8 References

13  12 Guideline for rheological tests 12.1 Selection of the measuring system (geometry) 12.2 Rotational tests 12.2.1 Flow and viscosity curves 12.2.2 Time-dependent flow behavior (rotation) 12.2.3 Step tests (rotation): structural decomposition and regeneration (thixotropy) 12.2.4 Temperature-dependent flow behavior (rotation) 12.3 Oscillatory tests 12.3.1 Amplitude sweeps 12.3.2 Frequency sweeps 12.3.3 Time-dependent viscoelastic behavior (oscillation) 12.3.4 Step tests (oscillation): structural decomposition and regeneration (thixotropy) 12.3.5 Temperature-dependent viscoelastic behavior(oscillation) 12.4 Selection of the test type 12.4.1 Behavior at rest 12.4.2 Flow behavior 12.4.3 Structural decomposition and regeneration (thixotropic behavior, e. g. of coatings) 12.5 References

14  13 Shear tests with powders and bulk solids 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Classification of bulk solids according to their fluidizability 13.1.2 Influences on the flow behavior of powder 13.2 Shear test of highly compacted, consolidated bulk solids 13.2.1 Pre-compaction of the bulk solid 13.2.2 Pre-shear of the bulk solid 13.2.3 Shear-to-failure of the bulk solid 13.2.4 Further pre-shear and shear-to-failure cycles 13.2.5 The Mohr´s circles 13.2.6 Further tests with shear cells 13.3 Shear test of slightly compacted bulk solids, using the powder cell 13.3.1 Powder cells 13.3.2 Preparations for powder testing 13.3.3 Preliminary tests for fluidization behavior of powders 13.3.4 Powder testing and the determination of the cohesion strength 13.4 References

15  14 Rheologists and the historical development of rheology 14.1 Development until the 19 century 14.2 Development between 1800 and 1900 14.3 Development between 1900 and 1949 14.4 Development between 1950 and 1979 14.5 Development since 1980 14.6 References

16  15 Appendix 15.1 Symbols, signs and abbreviations used 15.2 The Greek alphabet 15.3 Conversion table for units 15.4 References

17  16 Standards 16.1 ISO standards 16.2 ASTM standards 16.3 DIN, DIN EN, DIN EN ISO and EN standards 16.4 Important standards for users of rotational rheometers 16.5 References

18  Author

19  Index