Читать книгу My Archive of Languages (2021 Edition) - Timo Schmitz - Страница 38

Spoken in: Yunnan Province (China), Kachin & Shan States (Myanmar)

Official language in: Ximeng Va Autonomous County and Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County in Puer City and Cangyuan Va Autonomous County, Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County and Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous County in Lincang City (Yunnan, China); de jure Wa Self-Administered Division in Shan State (Myanmar), de facto Wa State in Myanmar (declared 1989; until 2011 called Wa Special Region 2 in Shan State by Myanmar)

Speakers: more than 900,000

Scripts: Latin

Greetings and basic phrases

Bawg yam pa mhawm – Hello

Maix hmom! – Hello! (formal, Chinese Wa)

Hmom maix liex – Hello! (informal, Chinese Wa) – Burmese Wa write ‘mhawm’ instead of ‘hmom’

Nyawm ot maix? – How are you?

Nyawm ot aux – I’m fine!

Nyawm ot ex – We are fine!

Hmom ot aux – I’m fine. (Chinese Wa)

aux – I am

nyawm – good

mhawm – good, beautiful

hmom hmiem – very good (Chinese Wa)

mhawm mhawm/ hmom hmom – very good (Reduplication of adjectives causes an emphasis whih can be translated by using English ‘very’)

Laoh lie! – Thanks!

ting bawn son /ting bŏn son/ – Thank you!

ting baun son – Thank you!

pon tix /bun di/ – you are welcome

To kaux maix tix? /do gau mai di:/ – What’s your name?

to kaux – name

ang ching – safe

ang qing – safe (Chinese Wa)

ang caox – no problem!

ang jaox – no problem! (Chinese Wa)

ang hmom – not good (Chinese Wa)

Pui dee mawx? – Where do you come from?

Ot pex dee mawh lie? – Where are you from?

Ot yix Cing Tong – I’m from Kengtung

Mawh maix pui dee mawx? – Where are you from?

Ot aux hauk tiex Germany – I am from Germany

Pake yuh tix lie? – Brother, what are you doing?

pex dee – where

Yuh tix yam in lie? – What are you doing now?

yuh – to do

tix – oneself

yam – time

yam in – now

Mawh maix vax lie – Are you Va?

mawh – to be

mo – to be (Chinese Wa)

vax – Va

lie – question particle (like Chinese ‘ma’)

Nyawm ot. Maix lie? – I’m doing fine, and you?

Hoik sawm aux. – I’m doing fine, I ate well.

Eue! – Yes!

Yuh tix lie? – What are you doing? --- Ang yuh tix. – I’m doing nothing.

phat lai, yuh lai – study

Gau maix lox vax dee mawx? – Where do you learn Wa ?

Yam in ot maix Germany? – Are you in Germany?

Ot maix dee mawx? – Where are you?

Ot maix dee mawx yam in? – Where are you now?

mawh maix pui ceu tix lei? – What’s your nationality ?, What’s your (native) country ?

Pui ot Germany lie? – Your country is Germany?

Ot aux Cing tong. – I am in Kengtung.

Ang ot – I’m not there (lit.: not there)

Tawng maix lie? – Do you understand?

Ot ka nyeix – I am at home.

Yuh maix tix yam in lei? – What are you doing right now?

aux moh maix – I love you!

aux – I

moh – love

aux kawx moh maix – I love you too!

Rhawm moh dud – I love you to death!

Mawh maix vax lie? – Are you Wa?

Sidaing cheung maix – You are very clever!

Bo pa mhawm – good night

Bawg yam keih caox khrit! – Merry Christmas!

Khritsamat – Christmas

deex maix ka paox tix – Put others in first place!

ang mawh aux pa tiiem – I didn’t write to you

tiem – write

son mawh – for you

Aux braung ka maix – I miss you !

Dex sang it – It is near to go to sleep!

it – sleep

dex – near

aux it – I sleep

ang tawng – not understand

ang doh – not understand (Chinese Wa)

ang tawng lox man – I don’t understand Burmese!

Beix hu ndee mox ? – Where do you go ? (Chinese Wa?)

Maix hu ndee mox? – Where are you going? (Chinese Wa?)

Eix hu pao! – We gotta go!

Months

khix tix – January

kix dix – January (Chinese Wa)

khix ra: – February

khix loe: – March

kix loui – March (Chinese Wa)

khix pon: – April

kix boun – April (Chinese Wa)

khix phuan: – May

khix liah – June

khix a liah – July

khix dai - August

kix ndaix – August (Chinese Wa)

khix dim: – September

kix ndim – September (Chinese Wa)

khix kao: – October

kix gao – October (Chinese Wa)

khix kao: tix – November

kix gao dix – November (Chinese Wa)

khix kao: ra: – December

kix gao ra – December (Chinese Wa)

khix gre – 2^nd lunar month

kix mgrei – 2^nd lunar month (Chinese Wa)

khix nai – 3^rd lunar month

khix jhai – 4^th lunar month

kix nqai – 4^th lunar month (Chinese Wa)

khix mu – 5^th lunar month

khix pai – 6^th lunar month

khix sao: – 7^th lunar month

khix peh – 9^th lunar month

khix taing – 10^th lunar month

khix gla – 11^th lunar month

kix mgla – 11^th lunar month (Chinese Wa)

khix glim – 12^th lunar month

kix mglim – 1th lunar month (Chinese Wa)

mai: rung – dry season

baux yam raux – wet season

mai: van – sowing season

leeih khix – first day of lunar month, new moon

Clothes

cui feuex – top-dressing (from Chinese ‘zhui fei’)

khlax – trousers, pants

khlax do diang – a kind of trousers worn by children who do not know how to go to toilet yet, not to be confused with diapers (a kind of trousers with a hole for pee)

khlax dawd – shorts

sibex – shirt

si nbei – shirt (Chinese Wa)

sibex jhup – a kind of sweater

si nbei nqub – a kind of sweater (Chinese Wa)

sibex lang: taix – long-sleeved shirt

sibex lauh – T-shirt

sibex rongyi – sweatshirt

sibex tai – probably a kind of cotton shirt or cotton clothing

dai – skirt

Body parts

hauk – hair

ngai – eye

hauk ngai – eyebrow

meeih – nose

dod – mouth

jheeh – mouth

hauk jheeh – moustache

naok – chest, brest

caong – leg

khawn: taix – hand

plah caong – foot

siang plah caong – foot bone

plawng: twag – arm

plawng: taix – wrist

greem: klaik – underarm

hauk klaik – hairs of underarm

doh jhong: deem – vagina

cex – vagina

klix – penis

hauk cex – female pubic hair

hauk klix – male pubic hair

Politics and Geography(-related)

meung – land, state

meung vax – Wa-State

ai gox ju yi – patriotism (from Chinese ‘aiguo zhuyi’)

khawx ta – enlarge, expand

Sitang Meung Vax – Wa-State News (News program in Wabang)

sitang – news

jung pui – world

loux – language

gau lox vax – learn Wa language (lox is synonym to loux)

gau tawx – teach

lox rhax – song

lox rhax meung vax – Song of Wa-State

Ex moh been rub rum meung vax – We love the Wa State public gatherings

been – law, policy, principle

rub rum – gathering

Meung ot ex vax – The country I am in is the Wa’s, We are in Wa-State!

rhawn moh meung vax – I love you Wa-State, Be in love with Wa-State

rhawn moh aux – I love you!

Leng vax – Wa Song

lieng ex vax – Song in Wa language

lox leng vax – Wa language song

lox lieng ex vax – Song in Wa language

meung miex – home country

meung man – Myanmar

Meung Hawx – China (used by Burmese Wa)

Congkawx – China (used by Chinese Wa)

Lox rah cad ceu pui Vax – Wa national anthem

Hong Cing – Red Army

viex: son: – representative

cao pau: kaing: – service person, the one who is in charge

Miien Vu – Yi nationality

num: keh: – date of birth

akhwang – authority

lox haktiex – local dialect

Cing Tung – Kentung

Peux Cing – Beijing

Ying: Nang: – Yunnan

Lax Siou – Lashio

Ang Vax – the traditional area of the Wa (安佤)

Kawnmau – Yancheng Town

Klawngpa – Kalaungpa Town

Meung Ka – Mongkar

Meung Lun – Menglun

Namla – Nanla

Simoung – Ximeng

Sipaw/ Sibox – Hsipaw

Kaung Siiem: – Shan State

rawm – water

rawm sigritsigra – ocean

rawm hai yang – ocean, sea (from Chinese ‘haiyang’)

kao: cong: – high school (from Chinese ‘gaozhong’)

ce – town (loan word from Shan)

nhawng – lake (loan word form Shan)

Going to toilet

caong lawng – toilet

nyiex aing – toilet

nyiex phrai – toilet

nyiex mong – toilet

nyiex moung – toilet (Chinese Wa)

nyiex rawm – toilet

nyiex rom – toilet (Chinese Wa)

lawg khoek taix – toilet room

lawg heem – wash room, bathroom

hu phrai tix – to go to toilet

aing – (verb) to go to toilet, to poop, to defecate; (noun) poo, poop

neem – pee

aing neem – pee and poo

neem phrai – pee and poo

rawm: neem – urine

rom neem – urine (Chinese Wa)

phrai – (verb) to go to the toilet; (noun) faeces and urine

fang – (verb) to defecate; (noun) faeces

cawg lawng – toilet

hu: cawg lawng – to go to toilet

Random words

kheu – because

jao: nan – therefore

viang – though, anyways

ku dah kuh dee – everywhere

gu ndaeh gu ndee – everywhere (Chinese Wa)

ti ceu – actually

khawm mawh: nan – but

mai: - and

dee: mhawm – (at) best

mhai chawk – question particle

hmai qog – question particle (Chinese Wa)

aleuh!, ayo! – wow!

Paw sax chawk – never ask, no need to ask

gie: raoh – gratuity, money as a gift

chix – can, may, acceptable

jix – can (Chinese Wa)

ang jix – cannot (Chinese Wa)

alo – will, purpose

nbang blai, bang plai – bar, small pub

mox – hide

nyhang – a bit, a while

rieng lai – picture

meug – tattoo (loan word from Shan)

niieb – how on earth can one …?

ngie – only

nie – many, much, a lot

goui – have

ang goui – not have

jie – need to (Chinese Wa?)

ang jie – don’t need to (Chinese Wa?)

moh – to be (Chinese Wa)

ang moh – not to be (Chinese Wa)

ngu – fire, electricity

a – numb (don’t mix up with a: (short for a:lo) which means wow or oh my god)

a:viex – ouch!

nyhap – trouble, bother. FUN FACT: nyhap mao – tired

mhai een – memory, commemoration

a rang: vhaik – black list

phan: – if, when, divide, distribute, make, create, longevity, life (human life)

gawx, kawx – even though, also

mgoh – even though, also (Chinese Wa)

beuh – poor (of poor quality)

nbeh – poor (of poor quality) (Chinese Wa)

hot – poor

hot coax – impoverished

ju: – age

leem – diaper

sigrhah – clean, wash

yeung – be patient

caw – to be hit or struck by something

jo – to be hit or struck by something (Chinese Wa)

heue – serves as an exclamation particle

Caw heue! – I’m surprised!, I’m struck by that!

thao luing – discussion

ot – be in a state or condition

pex – win, overcome

tawng – know, recognise

ang tawng – not recognise, not know

lox – language

Si daing nyawm jhiak tete heue – someone is really the best

eu:/ e – yes

eu: aih/ e aih – oha, like Chinese ‘aiyo‘

dud – not, not at all, break

ndud – not, not at all, break (Chinese Wa)

dud rhawm – to die

dud hrom – to die (Chinese Wa)

pe rhawm – tired of

paung rhawm – to rely on

priex rhawm – to pay attention

rhawm rhi – mind, idea, thought

ceux siox – philosophy (from Chinese “zhexue”)

daux – in

dung – well

daux dung – in a well

grawng – about, of

sigrit – cricket

cag – wheel (loan word from Shan)

pi: – flute (loan word from Shan)

cawng: – umbrella (loan word from Shan)

reu – boat (loan word from Shan)

phat – drive (loan word form Shan)

lak – thief (loan word from Shan)

ceuk – owe somebody something (loan word from Shan)

mhai – symbol

lax – the way in which the Wa are called by the Dai people

ot plak paix yam in – I am outside now

plak paix – outside

kheu – because of (ex.: Kheu yuh maix)

yuh – do

jhi: – point out (from Shan: tsi)

nqi – point out (Chinese Wa)

mhawm: tix – should

sawm: – teach (cp. Shan: son, Zhuang: son)

son – teach (Chinese Wa)

tham: – scripture (from Shan: taan)

pon maix – you get

ceu pa nie lheu – reach the goal

kheu moh maix – because you did and love

Awm paox – You too!

ceuceu – actually (probably a Shan loan)

jiiet – really

lheung – yellow (Shan loan word)

ceu – thing, matter

lheu: – exceed

lhee – exceed (Chinese Wa)

khaing: – from, after all

ju – life

nju – life (Chinese Wa)

koi rhawm cuix nye – little desires

rawt – tie

nyoi – waist

rawt nyoi – to tie a waist

sibex lang tai – coat

Lox kab – proverb

raux – deep

ang: koe: - there isn’t, hasn’t

ang koe dong keud – has no idea

bang praix pa yi – chaos

pakpeung – form, shape

pa faik – darkness

pla – cry

vung viang - surrounding

kheem – cover (like in cover sth. Up)

kapaox – marriage

dee – place

tong na – farmland

kala – Westerner (like Chinese: Bairen – a white person)

piang – on top of

ka piang – on the top, high

piao ciex – to vote on something

tok – (1) light, (2) to begin, to start

tom – therefore

Time-related

Ngaix an nhaw – That day

ngaix – today

pau: – now

pon sax – tomorrow

Plants

hlax qax – tea leafs (Chinese Wa)

kaox qax – tea plant (Chinese Wa)

nya – herb, grass (loan word from Shan)

rao ox – bamboo tip

tux vung – forest banana

Numbers

tix – one

ndaix – eight (Chinese Wa)

kao sip kao – ninenty nine

rheng: – thousand (from Shan ‘heng’)

mheen: – ten thousand (probably a loan word from Shan)

Weather

praix – weather

lhiex – rain

Seasons

yam vaw – spring

yam rao – summer

yam kaux – autumn, fall

yam kuat – winter

bawg sidap – winter

Jobs and Work

coh yuh ka mawx? – How to sell it?

Ot aux tix yuh kaing /ɔt a: di ju gɒıŋ/ – I am working.

cao: thut lih – translator

cao: pawd been – writer

cao: piien – editor (piien comes from Chinese “bianzhe”)

cang lhek – blacksmith (loan word from Shan)

lai geu – business

lai mgee – business (Chinese Wa)

nong ming – peasant, farmer

cong nong – middle-class farmer

fu nong – rich farmer, peasant with a good income

yuh gaing – work

cao kaing si die – instructor

kawn gau: – student

paox: gau: – fellow classmate

sa la – teacher

tao se – teacher (from Chinese ‘daoshi’, Yunnan dialect ‘daosi’)

lao see – teacher (from Chinese ‘laoshi’, Yunnan dialect ‘laosi’)

ming se – teacher in a school designed for ethnic minorities (cp. Chinese ‘minshi’) – probably a Chinese loan word

cao liang – shepherd

cao puan – cook

cao sidah – doctor

Food

blauh: tom – cake

blauh: lang – Youtiao

kawng rawm hax – hot water

houn oi – sweet potato

ih – to eat

ang ih – don’t eat

jai hrom ex – I’m hungry (Chinese Wa)

jai hrom – to be hungry (Chinese Wa)

nyaex qax soung – to drink bitter tea (Chinese Wa)

Hoik sawm maix? – Did you eat well?

Hoik! – I ate well. (like Chinese ‘chihao’)

Hoik sawm aux. – I have eaten (well).

sawm – to eat (like Chinese ‘chifan’)

Maix kawx hoik sawm lie? – You also ate well?

Sawm mai taux tix lie? – What do you eat? (lit.: Which vegetables did you eat? – from Chinese: ni chi shenme cai?)

taux – vegetables

Sawm mhawm mhawm – Eat well!

hoig sag – I’m full, I’ve eaten enough

Animals

gax – fish

beix – sheep

sim – bird

la – chicken

lig – pig

soux/ sox – dog

nbrung – horse

moi – cow, ox

sipawn or ja rah – frog

khieet – frog (from Shan ‘khet’)

Religion

meung yum – hell

tiex – earth

cao kaing gau: – priest

yi – belief

haktiex – earth

Siyiex – God

raoma – heaven, sky

yamjah – beginning

yam njaeh – beginning (Chinese Wa)

laig li – believe in a religion

li vad – Buddhism

Li Yie Su – Christianity

Li Silax, Li Sirhax – Christianity (used in Myanmar)

Li Khrit/ Li Krid – Christianity

pawp – demon

bob – demon (Chinese Wa)

phi – demon, ghost, spirit (loan word from Shan)

phicaox – devil, evil spirit

Mawh maix pa pon bwan son – You are getting blessed

mawh maix – you are

moh maix – you are (Chinese Wa)

pa pon – get

bwan son – be blessed, be thanked

cao: pih – shaman

khwan – spirit

Khwan Siyiex – the spirit of God (Ruach Elohim)

Personal pronouns

aex, ex – I

ax – we (dual form inclusive: me and you)

yiex – we (dual form exclusive: me and another person)

eix – we (including the speaker), in Myanmar also written: ex – cp. Chinese ‘zanmen’

yix – we (excluding the speaker) – cp. Chinese ‘women’

maix – you

pax – you (dual)

beix – you (plural)

nawh/ naoh – he, she, it

noh – he, she, it (Chinese Wa)

gix – they

Family

pake – brother, sister

grhoh – being unmarried

bun: miex – married woman

mex – to marry

sinaw bun – young girl

sinaw mex – young boy

miex – mother

Sexuality

kakaong – naked

ku: kaong: – naked

alo nex nham: – sexual desire

lu liiet – sexy, seductive

khax – to have sex

iex – to have sex

peut – to have sex

bed – to have sex (Chinese Wa)

vao – extramarital sex (also a synonym for adultery, since sex outside of marriage is uncommon for the Va)

kong: – feeling aroused

he: – sexual feelings

Simie maix ti koe kawn mai aux lie? – Do you want to have children with me ?

simie maix ti – you want

simie – want

koe – have

kawn – children

mai – with, and

Hoik koe kaux maix lie? – Are you pregnant?

Mawh maix bun krih lie? – Are you virgin?

mawh maix – are you

bun krih – virgin girl

bun – girl

krih – virgin

simex – man

phan bun ang koe – without a woman

juang – body

Beauty

mhawm muh – cute

mhawm grang: – beautiful

nyawm tix yaox – handsome

grang: – handsome

mhawm grang – pretty

Aux ce pot maix sidaing mhawm grang. – I think that you are very pretty.

Aux ce – I think

Transport

law: li: – car

law: li: ngawm: nyo: – scheduled public transport bus

cag pu – airplane

cag daw: rhiem – train

Technical world

cag lox – phone call

cag lox taix – mobile phone

cag dong – computer

cag dong taix – notebook

rhoi grub – internet

dong kaing – function

rhoi cag – signal

phaw lox – chat

cag jhak riang – tv

mhai ra toe – QR-code

(Precious) material

khri – gold

mau: – silver

tawng: – copper (cf. Chinese ‘tong’)

kung: – ore

Feelings and attitudes

rhawn – love

riem – fear

Sae riang ! – Work hard !, hard-working

ad rhawm – angry

soung – sad

ang soung – not sad

gin soung – very sad

sibieh – generous

sibieh rhawm: - show good intentions, have a good heart

hmom hrom – good-hearted, kind (Chinese Wa)

pig te ne rhawm – to regret

rau rhawm, raeh hrom – loyal, devoted

rhawm – heart, save, accumulate

rhawm caox – evil intentions (Chinese Wa: hrom jaox)

rhawm muih – good intentions, good heart

Spelling varieties: mhawn – mhawm, sawn – sawm, rhawn – rhawm