Читать книгу Lead Smelting and Refining, With Some Notes on Lead Mining - Various - Страница 12

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(June 2, 1906)

The works of the Federal Lead Company, near Alton, Ill., were erected in 1902. They have a connection with the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railway, by which they receive all their raw materials, and by which all the lead produced is shipped.

The ore smelted is galena, with dolomitic gangue, and a small quantity of pyrites (containing a little copper, nickel, and cobalt) from southeastern Missouri, and consists chiefly of fine concentrates, containing 60 to 70 per cent. lead. In addition thereto a small proportion of lump ore is also smelted.

A striking feature at these works is the excellent facility for handling the materials. The bins for the ore, coke and coal are made of concrete and steel and are filled from cars running on tracks laid above them. For transporting the materials about the works a narrow-gage railway with electric locomotives is used.

The ores are smelted by the Scotch-hearth process. There are 20 hearths arranged in a row in a building constructed wholly of steel and stone. The sump (4 × 2 × 1 ft.) of each furnace contains about one ton of lead. The furnaces are operated with low-pressure blast from a main which passes along the whole row. The blast enters the furnace from a wind chest at the back through eight 1 in. iron pipes, 2 in. above the bath of lead. The two sides and the rear wall are cooled by a cast-iron water jacket of 1 in. internal width.

Two men work, in eight-hour shifts, at each of the furnaces, receiving 4.75 and 4.25c. respectively for every 100 lb. of lead produced. The ore is weighed out and heaped up in front of the furnaces; on the track near by the coke is wheeled up in a flat iron car with two compartments. The furnacemen are chiefly negroes. At the side of each furnace is a small stock of coal, which is used chiefly for maintaining a small fire under the lead kettle. Only small quantities of coal are added from time to time during the smelting operation.

Over each furnace is placed an iron hood, through which the fumes and gases escape. They pass first through a collecting pipe, extending through the whole works, to a 1500 ft. dust flue, measuring 10 × 10 ft., in internal cross-section. Near the middle of this is placed a fan of 100,000 cu. ft. capacity per minute, which forces the fumes and gases into the bag-house, where they are filtered through 1500 sacks of loosely woven cotton cloth, each 25 ft. long and 18 in. in diameter, and thence pass up a 150 ft. stack.

The dust recovered in the collecting flue is burnt, together with the fume caught by the bags, the coal which it contains furnishing the combustible. It burns smolderingly and frits together somewhat. The product (chiefly lead sulphate) is then smelted in a shaft furnace, together with the gray slag from the hearth furnaces. The total extraction of lead is about 98 per cent., i.e., the combined process of Scotch-hearth and blast-furnace smelting yields 98 per cent. of the lead contained in the crude ore.

The direct yield of lead from the Scotch hearths is about 70 per cent. They also produce gray slag, containing much lead, which amounts to about 25 per cent. of the weight of the ore. About equal proportions of lead pass into the slag and into the flue dust. When working to the full capacity, with rich ore (80 per cent. lead and more) the 20 furnaces can produce about 200 tons of lead in 24 hours. The coke consumption in the hearth furnaces amounts to only 8 per cent. of the ore. The lead from these furnaces is refined for 30 minutes to one hour by steam in a cast-iron kettle of 35 tons capacity, and is cast into bars either alone or mixed with lead from the shaft furnace. The “Federal Brand” carries nearly 99.9 per cent. lead, 0.05 to 0.1 per cent. copper, and traces of nickel and cobalt.

The working up of the between products from the hearth-furnaces is carried out as follows: Slag, burnt flue dust and roasted matte from a previous run, together with a liberal proportion of iron slag (from the iron works at Alton), are smelted in a 12-tuyere blast furnace for work-lead and matte. The furnace is provided with a lead well at the back. The matte and slag are tapped off together at the front and flow through a number of slag pots for separation. The shells which remain adhering to the walls of the pots on pouring out the slag are returned to the furnace. All the waste slag (containing about 0.5 per cent. lead) is dumped down a ravine belonging to the territory of the smeltery.

The lead from the shaft furnace is liquated in a small reverberatory furnace, of which the hearth consists of two inclined perforated iron plates. The residue is returned to the shaft furnace, while the liquated lead flows directly to the refining kettle, which is filled in the course of four hours. Here it is steamed for about one hour and is then cast into bars through a Steitz siphon, after skimming off the oxide. The matte is crushed and roasted in a reverberatory furnace (60 ft. long).

The power plant comprises three Stirling boilers and two 250 h. p. compound engines, of which one is for reserve; also one steam-driven dynamo, coupled direct to the engine, furnishing the current for the entire plant, for the electric locomotives, etc.

The coke is obtained from Pennsylvania and costs about $4 a ton, while the coal comes from near-by collieries and costs $1 per ton.

In the well-equipped laboratory the lead in the ores and slags is determined daily by Alexander’s (molybdate) method, while the silver content of the lead (a little over 1 oz. per ton) is estimated only once a month in an average sample. When the plant is in full operation it gives employment to 150 men. Cases of lead-poisoning are said to occur but rarely, and then only in a mild form.