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1 1 Covello, V.T., Merkhofer, M. (1993). Risk Assessment Methods. Approaches for Assessing Health and Environmental Risks. New York: Plenum Press.

2 2 Covello, V.T, Merkhofer, M. (1993). Risk Assessment Methods: Approaches for Assessing Health and Environmental Risks. New York: Plenum Press .

3 3 See, e.g., Sandman, P.M. (1989). “Hazard versus outrage in the public perception of risk,” in Effective Risk Communication: The Role and Responsibility of Government and Non‐Government Organizations, eds. V.T. Covello, D. B. McCallum, M.T. Pavlova. New York: Plenum. See also Covello, V. T., Sandman, P. (2001). “Risk communication: Evolution and revolution,” in Solutions to an environment in peril, ed. A. Wolbarst. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

4 4 See, e.g., Sandman, P.M. (1998). “Hazard versus outrage in the public perception of risk” in Effective Risk Communication: The Role and Responsibility of Government and Nongovernment Organization, eds. V.T. Covello, D.B. McCallum, M.T. Pavlova. New York: Plenum Press. See also: Covello, V.T., Sandman, P.M. (2001). “Risk communication: Evolution and revolution” in Solutions to an Environment in Peril, ed. A. Wolbarst. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

5 5 See, e.g., Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and Self‐Identity, Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge, UK: Polity. Beck, U. (1992) Risk society. Towards a new modernity. Sage, London; Beck U (2008) “Living in the world risk society.” Economy and Society ( 35):329–345.

6 6 See, Covello, V. (1992). “Risk communication: an emerging area of health communication research” in Communication Yearbook 15, ed. S. Deetz, 359–373. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

7 7 Covello, V. T., Slovic, P., von Winterfeldt, D. (1986). “Risk communication: A review of the literature.” Risk Abstracts 3(4):171–182.

8 8 National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (1989). Improving Risk Communication. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. p. 21

9 9 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (1995). Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on the Application of Risk Communication to Food Standards and Safety Matters. Section 3: Elements and Guiding Principles of Risk Communication. Accessed at: http://www.fao.org/3/x1271e/X1271E03.htm

10 10 Accessed at: https://www.epa.gov/risk/risk‐communication

11 11 Accessed at: https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060089069

12 12 Lundgren, R., McMakin, A. (2018). Risk Communication: A Handbook for Communicating Environmental, Safety, and Health Risks. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley/IEEE Press.

13 13 Rowan, K. E. (1991). “Goals, obstacles, and strategies in risk communication: A problem‐solving approach to improving communication about risks.” Journal of Applied Communication Research 19:300–329

14 14 Renn, O. (2009) “Risk communication,” in Handbook of Risk and Crisis Communication, eds. R.L. Heath and H.D. O’Hair. New York: Taylor and Francis/Routledge p. 80.

15 15 Covello, V.T., Mumpower, J. (1985). “Risk analysis and risk management: an historical perspective.” Risk Analysis 5 (2):103–120.

16 16 See, e.g., Covello, V.T, Merkhofer, M. (1993). Risk Assessment Methods. New York: Plenum Press.

17 17 See Cole, T.W, Fellows, K.L. (2008) “Risk communication failure: a case study of New Orleans and Hurricane Katrina.” Southern Communication Journal, 73(3):211–228. See also the case study of Hurricane Katrina in Fearn‐Banks, K. (2007). Crisis communications: A casebook approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

18 18 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2020). Community Concern Assessment Tool. Accessed at: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/communications‐toolkit/documents/08_community‐concern‐assessment‐tool_508.pdf

19 19 New York Times, December 2, 2020. “Covid‐19 Live Updates: C.D.C. Director Warns Winter May Be ‘Most Difficult Time’ in US Public Health History.” Accessed at: https://www.nytimes.com/live/2020/12/02/world/covid‐19‐coronavirus?name=styln‐coronavirus&region=TOP_BANNER&block=storyline_menu_recirc&action=click&pgtype=LegacyCollection&impression_id=9875aa71‐34e7‐11eb‐937d‐ad0013f652b2&variant=1_Show

20 20 American Psychological Association (2020). Stress in America 2020: A National Mental Health Crisis. Accessed at: https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2020/report‐october; See also American Psychological Association (2021). Stress in America: 2021. One year later, a new wave of pandemic health concerns. Accessed at: https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2021/one‐year‐pandemic‐stress

21 21 See, e.g., Gottman, J. (2011). The Science of Trust. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 19–20

22 22 Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Macmillan Publishers.

23 23 Rock, D. (2008). “SCARF: a brain‐based model for collaborating with and influencing others.” NeuroLeadership Journal, ( 1), 1–7. See also Scarlett, H. (2019). Hilary Scarlett (2019, Neuroscience for Organizational Change: An Evidence‐based Practical Guide to Managing Change (2nd Edition). London and New York: Kogan Page Limited Publishing Co.

24 24 Coombs, W.T., Holloday, S.J. (2017). Handbook of Crisis Communication. London. Wiley‐Blackwell

25 25 Ulmer, R., Sellnow, T., Seeger, M. (2011). Effective Crisis Communication: Moving from Crisis to Opportunity. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications

26 26 Heath, J., O’Hair (2009). “The Significance of Crisis and Risk Communication,” in Handbook of Risk and Crisis Communication, eds. R.L. Heath and H.D. O’Hair. New York: Taylor and Francis/Routledge.

27 27 Oliver‐Smith, A., (1999). “What is a disaster?” in The Angry Earth: Disaster in Anthropological Perspective, eds Oliver‐Smith, A., Hoffman, S. New York: Routledge, p. 19.

28 28 United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. (2009), UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction, p. 9. Accessed at: https://www.unisdr.org/files/7817_UNISDRTerminologyEnglish.pdf

29 29 Lindell, M.K, Lindell, M.K, Prater, C.S., Perry, R.W. (2006). Fundamentals of Emergency Management. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency. Accessed at: https://training.fema.gov/hiedu/aemrc/booksdownload/fem/ p.5.

30 30 Kroeber, A., Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definition. New York: Vintage Books.