Читать книгу Le Voyage de Monsieur Perrichon: Comédie en quatre actes - Eugène Labiche - Страница 4

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Because Le Voyage de M. Perrichon is a delightful comedy and particularly suitable for use in the class room, it does not follow that the place of its author in the literature of France should be unduly magnified.

Eugène Labiche's chief claim to fame is that, as a distinguished critic said of him, «for forty years he kept his contemporaries in laughter.» From 1838, when he wrote his first play, till 1876, when he voluntarily retired, he produced, generally in collaboration with writers known mainly through their association with him, over one hundred and fifty comedies, in each of which is heard the same dominant note of fun and merriment. But of these plays only a very small number possess the qualities that alone make for durability; neither their form—in most cases photographically true to the looseness of the most familiar conversation—nor their substance—often grotesquely impossible adventures, situations supremely laughable because colossally absurd—is calculated to embalm his plays against the ravages of time. He thought so himself, and declined for a long time to have them collected into a complete edition; and when, in 1880, he was proposed for a vacant seat in the Académie Française, he doubted whether he would have voted for his own admission into that illustrious company.

Thus Labiche must stand simply as the most prolific and genial of the fun-makers for France during almost half a century. This praise would have satisfied the modest man that he was. Born in Paris in 1815, he had been destined to the bar; but, preferring literature, early betook himself to the newspaper and the drama. Here he «found himself,» and from the age of twenty-three until he was over sixty filled the comic stage with his light and laughable productions. After his retirement in 1876 the distinctions that were bestowed upon him with no grudging hand brought him as much surprise as pleasure. His published Théâtre Complet was received by the public with altogether unexpected enthusiasm; he was elected to the Academy, and his speech on his reception into that body made a marked sensation. He died in 1888 at his country-place in Sologne, full of years and of wonder at the gratitude of his contemporaries for the amusement he had so long afforded them.

Had more of his comedies possessed the qualities of Le Voyage de M. Perrichon, this high esteem would not have been restricted to his contemporaries. For, underlying the humorous dialogue, there is in this work a shrewd observation, an analysis of character, that lift it far above mere farce. Its insight into the ungrateful heart of man,—a cheerful and reformative, not a gloomy or hopeless, insight,—its lifelike delineation of the parvenu, the self-made man who worships his maker, and who, because he has been successful in business, thinks all things are his, culture included: these raise Le Voyage de M. Perrichon to the plane of true comedy.

Like all Labiche's plays, this one deals with the middle-class, the bourgeois element in French life, where natural foibles are not varnished over with the gloss of education and conventionality, but appear in all their nakedness. M. Perrichon's self-complacency never once suspects itself; Majorin is mean «all over»; there is no external hindrance to the exhibition of the weakness within. The feminine characters, as is invariably the case in his répertoire, are but lightly sketched in. He claimed that «woman is no joke,» and got all his fun out of men. Only in the first Act are the peculiarities of Madame Perrichon at all brought out: the lack of refinement of her speech, her crustiness when her personal habits are interfered with, etc.; while Henriette is the typical passive young girl of French comedy, if not of French life, with no mind of her own, and a perfect readiness to accept any husband at her father's hand. But every one of the men is carefully and consistently drawn, from the fussy, pompous Perrichon to the well-meaning Jean. The susceptible Major offers the humorous contrast of his exquisitely smooth speech and manners with his uncompromising exaction of all that is due himself and his «beloved compatriot,» the French language. Armand and Daniel are both of them gentlemen and good fellows, yet they are most significantly distinguished: the former guileless, frank, simple, the latter artful and ingenious; and such they remain consistently from the opening to the closing scenes. The contest between them is an open, honorable one, and the equities are satisfied when simple straightforwardness wins out over worldly wisdom.

It may be noticed that nothing has here been said about Edouard Martin, whose name appears on the title-page with that of Labiche. It is generally agreed, and indeed obvious from internal evidence, that whatever aid Labiche may have received in the suggestion of plot, management of scenes, etc., from his many collaborators, the qualities that made his plays so uniformly successful are properly his own. Edouard Martin had produced a few light plays, now absolutely unknown, before his association with Labiche. With him he wrote not only Le Voyage de M. Perrichon, but also La Poudre aux Yeux, Les Vivacités du capitaine Tic, which have rescued his name from oblivion. He died in 1864, at the age of thirty-six.

As a text for class-room reading, Le Voyage de M. Perrichon can hardly be surpassed, where familiarity is sought with the vivacity of French conversation. The dialogue is throughout simply and frankly natural. It is, as ever in France, profusely sprinkled with expletives. These exclamations have a very definite force which no careful student of the language can afford to overlook. For convenience they have here been collected into a separate alphabetical list, where they can be readily referred to and reviewed.

As this play is easy reading and may well be taken up early in the study of French, the Notes are somewhat fuller than an advanced class would require. They are at some pains to prevent the missing of humorous points. They also endeavor to keep before the mind of the student the fact that a correct understanding of the text is not enough. He should strive to render the French into equivalent English idiom, as racy and as real as the original. In fact, he should not be satisfied until he has produced an «acting version.»

The Exercises for Composition, based upon very nearly each scene of the play, serve a twofold purpose. It too often happens that a word or an idiom is forgotten as soon as understood; to translate these Exercises the student must lift the French from the printed page and make it his own. Secondly, the English of the Exercises often throws additional light on the expressions that occur in the text, and thereby serves to secure for them a fuller, wider understanding.

Lastly, the Questions for Conversation, similarly founded on definite small portions of the comedy, will afford a measure of the real mastery that the student has acquired of the lesson for each day. Whether answered orally, or, as may very well be done, in writing, they will help him to «mobilize» his vocabulary, accidence, and syntax.

I.H.B. SPIERS.

PHILADELPHIA,

October, 1905.