Читать книгу Philosophiae Moralis Institutio Compendiaria, with A Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy - Francis Hutcheson - Страница 17

LIBRORUM ET CAPITUM ARGUMENTA.

[THE CONTENTS OF BOOKS AND CHAPTERS.]

In epistola ad Juvent. Philosophia moralis “ars vitae ad virtutem et beatitudinem assequendam instituendae.” Ejus partes Ethica, et Jurisprudentia naturalis. Hujus itidem tres partes. 1. Jurisprudentia privata. 2. Oeconomica. 3. Politica. [In a Letter to the youth, moral philosophy is the art of living to pursue virtue and happiness. Its parts are Ethics, and Natural jurisprudence. The parts of the last are three: 1. Private jurisprudence 2. Economics 3. Politics.] p. 3. Operis suscipiendi causa. [The reason for undertaking this work.] p. 4. Quo consilio scripti libri Ciceronis de officiis. [The design of Cicero’s De officiis.] p. 5. et cohortatio ad Philosophiam. [and an exhortation to philosophy.]

LIB. I. Ethica. [Ethics.]

Cap. I. De natura humana. [On human nature.]

1. Philosophia moralis ars architectonica aliis imperans. [Moral philosophy is a superior art commanding the others.] pag. 1. Ex hominis natura eruenda officiorum notitia. [The knowledge of our duties has to be dug up from human nature.] p. 2.

2. Constat homo ex animo et corpore. In quo sita corporis praestantia et infirmitas. [Man consists of soul and body. Excellences and weaknesses of the body.] p. 3, 4.

3. Animi partes sive facultates, intellectus et voluntas. Ad intellectum referuntur sensus: iique externi vel interni. [The parts or powers of the soul, understanding and will. The senses report to the understanding and they are external or internal.] 4, 5. Sensibus prima boni malique notitia paratur. [Senses provide the first acquaintance of good and evil.] ibid. Quaedam perceptiones mediae. [Perceptions of a middle kind.] ib. Aliae antecedentes et directae, nullâ alia praeeunte; aliae reflexae. [Some perceptions are antecedent and direct, others are reflexive.] 6.

4. Sensus interni quales. [Which are the internal senses.] ib. Sensu percipiuntur omnes ideae. [All the ideas are perceived by sense.] 7. Vis rationis. [The power of reason.] ib. Hae vires a Deo ad homines pervenerunt, Deique consilium ostendunt. [These powers are given to men by God and show his wisdom.] ib.

5. Bona sensu prius quam ratione percipiuntur. [Every sort of good is perceived by sense before reasoning.] 8. De voluntate. [On will.] ib. Sui in optimo statu conservandi studium cuique infixum, omniumque appetitio quae ad vitam faciunt beatam, et contrariorum fuga. [In every man is rooted the study to preserve himself in the best condition, the desire of all the things that make for a happy life, and the avoidance of the contraries.] 8, 9. Gaudia et moerores unde nascuntur. [The causes of joy and sorrow.] 9. Quatuor voluntatis motus. [Four motions of the will.] ib.

6. Motus perturbati sive passiones; a voluntate diversae. [The passions or turbulent motions; they are different from the calm motions of the will.] <ii> 10. Appetitus rationalis et sensitivus. [The appetite is rational or sensitive.] ib. Hic dividitur in concupiscibilem et irascibilem. [The last one is divided into concupiscible and irascible.] ib. Passionum quatuor genera; cujusque partes plurimae. [Four general classes of passions. Of each class there are many subdivisions.] 11.

7. Voluntatis motus vel gratuiti, vel ex philautia orti. [The motions of the will are disinterested or selfish.] ib. Utrumque genus vel purum, vel perturbatum. [Each kind is calm or turbulent.] ib. Eorum partes. [Their parts.] 12. Quae propter se expetenda. [What is desired for itself.] 13. Homini naturalis est benevolentia gratuita. [Disinterested benevolence is rooted in human nature.] ib.

8. Sensus reflexi, quibus cernuntur. Pulchritudo; Harmonia, rerum convenientia. [The reflexive senses, by which we perceive beauty, harmony, and the concord of things.] 14, 15. et laeta sit veri cognitio. [and the discovery of truth is joyful.] ib.

9. Sympathia, sive sensus communis. [Sympathy, or common sense.] 15.

10. Homo ad agendum natus. Recti et honesti sensus, explicatur. [Man was destined by nature for action. The sense of what is right and honourable is explained.] 16–23.

11. Comprobationis gradus varii; unde pietatis, et amicitiae sanctitas elucet. [The different degrees of approbation; whence the sanctity of piety and friendship shines forth.] 23–26.

12. Sensus hujus principatus, cui in omni vita parendum. [The supremacy of this sense which we ought to obey throughout our lives.] ib.

13. Laudis et vituperii sensus. [The sense of honour and shame.] 28. Homines in eo sibi invicem similes. [Uniformity of mankind in this sense.] 29.

14. Sensus ridiculi. [The sense of the ridiculous] 30.

15. Bona animi, corporis, et externa; et proinde appetitiones variae, sive suam, sive aliorum foelicitatem consectantes: quae et hominum moribus afficiuntur. [The goods of the soul, of the body, and the external goods. And accordingly the several appetites toward our own happiness or that of others. These are also influenced by men’s characters.] 30–34.

16. aliae naturales, aliae opinabiles. [Some appetites are natural, others less general.] 34.

17. Idearum conjunctiones, memoria, habitus. [The associations of ideas, memory, and habits.] 35–37. Usus sermonis. [The use of speech.] 37. Ingeniorum diversitas, ejusque causae. [The diversity of tempers, and their causes.] 37–39.

18. Qua ratione cernitur partium ordo, a natura destinatus. [Perception of the order of our powers designed by nature.] 39–42.

Cap. II. De summo bono et virtute. [On the supreme good and virtue.] 42.

1. Intellectus imperium in voluntatem. Voluntatis motus, et libertas. [The command of the understanding over the will. The motions of the will, and liberty.] 43, 44. Voluntatis in intellectum potestas. [The power of the will over the understanding.] ib.

2. Axiomata de finibus et mediis. [The maxims concerning means and ends.] 44. Summum bonum quale. [What is the supreme good.] 45. <iii>

3. Bona alia aliis contraria. [Some goods are inconsistent with others.] ib. Bonorum instituenda comparatio, ratione dignitatis et diuturnitatis, [We must compare enjoyments according to their dignity and duration.] 45, 46.

4. Indolentia non bonorum finis. [Absence of uneasiness is not the chief good.] 47. Corporis voluptates vilissimae, minimeque diuturnae, neque omnes virtutibus contrariae. [Bodily pleasures are the meanest and the shortest. They are not always opposite to virtues.] 47–51.

5. Quae ex vitae cultu, et artibus ingenuis, digniores; vitam tamen beatam haud praestant. [The pleasures which arise from the elegance of life and from ingenious arts are more worthy, yet they do not cause happiness.] 51–54.

6. Sensus communis magna vis ad vitam beatam aut miseram. [Common sense is of great importance for our happiness or misery.] 54. Voluptates ejusdem honestae, et diuturnae; dolores itidem graves, et diuturni. [Its pleasures are worthy and lasting; likewise its sorrows are deep and lasting.] 55. Unicum horum malorum perfugium. [The sole refuge from these evils.] ib.

7. Recti honestique sensus: ejus vis maxima ex perceptionum dignitate et duratione. [The sense of what is right and honourable. Its intensity is the greatest for the dignity and duration of its perceptions.] 56–58.

8. Laudis et vituperii sensus, ad eadem omnia hortabitur. [The sense of honour and shame exorts to the same deeds.] 58.

9. Ut etiam voluptates quaedam leviores. [As well as some pleasures of a lighter kind.] 59.

10. Divitiarum potentiae que momentum. Sui conservandi studium saepe nimium. [The importance of wealth and power. The desire of self-preservation is often too strong.] 60, 61. In virtute sita est vita beata. [Happiness consists in virtue.] 62.

11. Quod ex malorum inter se comparatione confirmatur. Errorum causae. [The same conclusion is confirmed by comparing the several evils. Causes of mistakes.] 62. Mala gravissima, ex aliorum miseria, et cujusque vitiis, nascuntur. [The most grievous evils arise from the distresses of others, and from the consciousness of moral turpitude.] 63–65. Summum bonum formale in virtute, una cum vitae perfectae prosperitate. [The formal supreme good consists in virtue, together with well-being lasting throughout a complete lifetime.] 65. Virtutis summa, in Deo amando, et benevolentia erga homines exercenda. [The sum of virtue consists in loving God and cultivating benevolence toward mankind.] ib.

12. Deus, summum bonum objectivum. [God is the objective supreme good.] 66.

Cap. III. Virtutum divisiones. [The divisions of virtues.]

1. Virtutis natura; ejusque gradus. [The nature of virtue and its degrees.] 66–69.

2. Virtutes, vel intellectuales, vel morales. [Virtues are intellectual or moral.] 69. Virtus quî mediocritatem servet. [How virtue consists in mediocrity.] 70.

3. Cardinales quatuor; earumque definitiones et partes. [Four cardinal virtues; their definitions and branches.] 71–74.

4. Virtutum origo et causae. [The source and causes of virtues.] 75. Virtutes hae inter se conjunctae. [These causes are connected together.] 76. Mediocritas haud prima virtutis notio. [The primary notion of virtue does not consist in the middle way.] ib. <iv>

5. Alia divisio utilior, prout virtutes Deum, homines aut nosmet ipsos respiciunt. [Another more useful division, according as virtues take notice of God, other people, or ourselves.] 76.

Cap. IV.

1. Pietatis erga Deum partes duae; verae sententiae, cultusque iis consonus. [Two parts of piety toward God: true opinions and worship suited to them.] 77.

2. Ex pietate nascuntur virtutes purissimae, gaudiaque maxima. [From piety arise the purest virtues and the greatest delights.] 77–80. Hominibus depravatis non desperandum. [Corrupted men ought not to despair.] 80.

3. Cultus externi natura et utilitas. [The nature and utility of external worship.] 82.

Cap. V. Officia erga homines. [The duties toward other men.] 84.

1. Arctiores hominum conjunctiones et vincula naturalia. [The strongest human ties and natural bonds.] 85. In affectionibus benignis jucunditas summa. [The highest delight in kind affections.] 86.

2. Aliae aliis honestiores. [The more honourable mutual affections.] ib. Virtutum sociarum summa. [The sum of all social virtues.] ib.

3. Arctiorum societatum utilitas et sanctitas. [Utility and sanctity of the stronger ties.] 87. Caritates arctiores haud reprimendae. [We ought not weaken our tender affections.] ib. Indicia in vultu. [Their appearance in countenance.] 88.

4. Amicitiae ortus. [The source of Friendship.] 89. Inter solos bonos. [Only among the virtuous.] 90. Amicitiae leges, ejusque utilitas. [The laws of friendship and its utility.] ib.

5. Amor duplex, benevolentia et complacentia. Haec saepe nimia, non illa. [Love is divided into benevolence and complacence. The last is often too great, not the first.] 90, 91.

Cap. VI. De animi cultura. [On the culture of the mind.] 92.

1. Rerum cognitio necessaria; summi boni, Dei, hominisque. [The knowledge of things is necessary: of the supreme good, of the nature of God and men.] 93.

2. Pietas erga Deum, rerumque externarum despicientia. [Piety towards God and contempt of external things.] 94, 95. Usu exercitationeque opus. [The need of habit and practice.] 96.

3. Mediocritas inter appetituum excessus et defectus. [The middle way between the excess and the defect of our appetites.] 96. Omnes appetitus utiles esse possunt. [All the appetites may be advantageous.] 97. Mediocres venustissimi et tutissimi. [Their moderate degree is the most graceful and safest.] 99. Quod plurium exemplis illustratur. [Illustration of this by many examples.] 99–104.

4. Corporis cura. Ars quaedam eligenda. Variae artes inter se comparantur. [The care of our body. We ought to choose an art or occupation. Different occupations are mutually compared.] 104.

Cap. VII. De virtutis studio excitando. [On inciting the study of virtue]

1. Virtutum invitamenta, ex Dei consilio jussuque et animorum immortalitate. [The inducements to virtue from divine wisdom and command and from the immortality of the soul.] 105–108.

2. Virtutum utilitates. [The advantages of several virtues.] 108–111. <v>

3. Earum excitandarum rationes [Motives to the study of virtue.] ib. Transitio ad jurisprudentiam. [Transition to jurisprudence.] 113.

LIB. II. Jurisprudentia Privata. [Private jurisprudence]

Cap. I. De lege naturali. [On the law of nature.]

1. Unde, legis, juris, et imperii justi notio. [The first notions of law, right, and just power.] 114.

2. Divini imperii jus. [The right of divine command.] 116.

3. Rationis dictata practica sunt leges divinae. [The practical dictates of reason are divine laws.] 117. Legis partes duae. praeceptum et sanctio. [In every law there are two parts, the precept and the sanction.] ib.

4. Leges pro varia promulgandi ratione, naturales vel positivae. [Laws are natural or positive according to the different manners of promulgation.] 118. Ratione materiae, necessariae, vel non-necessariae. [As to the matter: necessary or not necessary.] 119.

5. 6. Privilegium, aequitas, et dispensatio. [Privilege, equity, and dispensation.] 119.

7. Jus naturae primarium et secundarium. [Law of nature primary and secondary.] 121. Duo praecepta generalia. [Two general laws.] ib.

Cap. II. De Juris natura et divisionibus. [On the nature of rights, and their divisions.]

1. Explicando hominum jura, explicantur leges. [By explaining the rights of men, the laws are explained.] 122. Jus, prout est qualitas moralis, definitur. [The definition of right as a moral quality.] 96. Ejusdem notio neque semper legis, neque communis utilitatis rationem includit. [The notion of right does not always have reference to a law or to the common interest.] 124. Nullum communi utilitati adversatur. [No private right can oppose the common interest.] 125.

2. Juri omni respondet obligatio. ejus notio duplex, altera sensum cujusque internum, altera legem, respiciens; earumque definitiones. [To each right there is a corresponding obligation. The latter has two sides and two definitions, one refers to the internal sense of each person, the other to the law.] 126.

3. Jura perfecta vel imperfecta. Inter ea limites non facilè cernuntur. [Perfect and imperfect rights. The boundaries between them are not easily seen.] ib. Jura externa. [External rights.] 127.

4. Jura quae alienari possunt, vel non possunt. [Rights that can be alienated and those that cannot.] 128. Generalia duo societatis praecepta. [Two general precepts of society.] 129.

Cap. III. De virtutum et vitiorum gradibus. [On the various degrees of virtue and vice.]

1. Conscientia definitur. [How to define Conscience.] 129. Variae ejusdem divisiones. Bonitas materialis, et formalis. [Its various divisions. Formal and material goodness.] 130.

2. Imputatio, quid sit. Quae moralem speciem afficiunt vel intellectum, vel voluntatem, vel rei momentum, respiciunt. [What is imputation. The circumstances that affect the moral good relate either to the understanding, or to the will, or to the importance of the action.] 131. imputationi necessaria, libertas. [Liberty is necessary to imputation.] ib. Quaenam necessaria, aut impossibilia. [Which events are necessary or impossible.] ib. Quae ab invitis per vim, aut per <vi> ignorantiam fiunt, quaeque mixta dicuntur, quo modo imputantur. [How what is done by force against one’s will, or through ignorance, or actions called mixed are imputed.] ib.

3. Ignorantia, involuntaria, vel voluntaria: haec affectata, vel supina. [Voluntary or involuntary ignorance.] 132. Involuntaria duplex. [Involuntary ignorance twofold.] 133. Ignorantia juris, vel facti. [Ignorance of right or of fact.] ib.

4. Quaestiones de conscientia errante. [Questions about an erroneous conscience.] 133.

5. 6. Voluntatis propensiones, quo modo honestatem aut turpitudinem augent aut minuunt. [How the dispositions of the will increase or abate integrity or turpitude.] 135.

7. Actionum momenta et eventus, quo modo imputantur. [How the importance and the effects of actions are imputed.] 140.

8. Habitus moralem speciem afficiunt. [Habits affect the morality of actions.] 142. Aliorum actiones nonnunquam imputantur. [Sometimes the actions of others are imputed.] 143.

Cap. IV. De jure hominum naturali. [On the natural rights of men.] 143.

1. Status quid: is duplex, vel naturalis libertatis, vel adventitius. [What is a state: a state is one of two: either of natural liberty or adventitious.] 144. Status libertatis non est status belli. [The state of liberty is not a state of war.] ib.

2. Jura privata, publica, communia. [Private, publick, and common rights.] 145. unde primo singulorum jura privata innotescunt. [Whence private rights of individuals first become known.] ib. Jura vel naturalia, vel adventitia. [Natural or adventitious rights.] 146.

3. Jura perfecta et imperfecta. [Perfect and imperfect rights.] ib. Jura naturalia perfecta recensentur. [Perfect natural rights reviewed.] 146–148.

4. Naturalis hominum aequalitas. [Men’s natural equality.] ib.

5. Jura naturalia imperfecta. [Imperfect natural rights.] 149.

6. De beneficentia et liberalitate. [On beneficence and liberality.] 150.

Cap. V. De jure adventitio. [On the adventitious rights.]

1. Jura adventitia vel realia, vel personalia. [Adventitious rights real or personal.] 151. Realium praecipua, rerum dominia. [The principal real right is property.] ib. Jus utendi rebus inanimis. [The right of using inanimate things.] 152, 153.

2. 3. Ut etiam animatis; et carne vescendi. [The right of using animals, and of eating their flesh.] 153.

4. Dominium quid sit ejusque causae. [What is property and its grounds.] 154.

Cap. VI. De dominii acquirendi rationibus. [On the methods of acquiring property.]

1. 2. Dominium vel primum vel derivatum. [Property is either original or derived.] 156. Primum, occupatione constituitur. [Original property arises from first occupation.] 157. Quaenam jure potior. [Which methods of occupation are more righteous.] 158.

3. Quousque occupare potest quisquam. [How long anybody can occupy.] 161. <vii>

4. Quae res communes. [Which things are for perpetual community.] 163. Communio negativa vel positiva. [Negative or positive community.] 164.¹ Res nullius, sacrae, sanctae, religiosae. [Things sacred, holy, or religious.] ib. Res publicae. [Public goods.] 165. Usucapio. [Prescription.] ib.

5. Accessiones variae, quo jure teneantur. [With what right different accessions are held.] 166. Quae jura in Dominio continentur. [Which rights are included in property.] 167.

Cap. VII. De jure derivato. [On the derived rights.]

1. Discrimen inter jura realia et personalia. [The distinction between real and personal rights.] 168.

2. Jura derivata, partes dominii, vel totum dominium. [Derived rights are either parts of property or complete property.] 170. Partes quatuor. [Four parts of the right of property.] ib. Possessoris rei alienae et Bonae fidei possessoris obligatio. [Obligation of the person who possesses another’s goods and of the presumptive proprietor.] ib.

3. Juris haereditarii fundamentum. [The ground of the right of heirs in entail.] 172.

4. 5. De pignore et hypotheca. [On pledges, mortgages.] 173. et servitutibus. [and servitudes.] 174.

Cap. VIII. De dominii transferendi rationibus. [On the methods of transferring property.] 175.

1. 2. Rationes variae. [The various methods.] ib. Jus testamenti. [The right of succession.] ib.

3. Successio ab intestato, ejusque ordo. [Intestate succession; its order.] 177.

{4. Successio linealis non naturalis. [Lineal succession not natural.] 180.}

Cap. IX. De contractibus. [On contracts.] 181.

1. 2. Contractus necessarii. [Contracts are necessary.] ib. et quousque obligant. [How long they oblige.] 182.

3. Tres loquendi formulae. [Three forms of speaking.] ib.

4. Tria in pactis spectanda, intellectus, voluntas, materia. [Three circumstances to be considered in contracts, understanding, will, and matter.] ib. Judicium maturum. [The maturity of judgment.] 184. [.] 185.

5. De erroribus inter paciscendum. [On errors in contracting.] 187.

6. 7. Pacta expressa et tacita. [Expressed and tacit contracts.] 189. absoluta et conditionalia. [Absolute and conditional contracts.] 191.

8. 9. Quis metus impedit obligationem. [Which sort of fear makes the contract void.] 192–196.

10. Materia, licita, et possibilis. [The matter of contracts must be lawful and possible.] 195. De facinore turpi. [On unlawful contracts.] 197.

11. Realibus cedunt personalia jura. [Personal rights yield to real rights.] 198.

12. Paciscimur per internuncios. [WE may contract by agents.] 199.

Cap. X. De sermocinantium officiis. [On duties in the use of speech.]

1. Veritas et fides per se, et sua natura, pulchra, et in vita necessaria. [Truth and faith are, for themselves and in their nature, beautiful and necessary in life.] 200.

2. Signorum duplex usus, eorumque leges. [The two uses of speech, and their laws.] 201.

3. De sermonis usu cautiones. [Cautions in the use of speach.] 203–206.

4. Officia in sermone honestiora. [The more honourable duties in speach.] 206.

Cap. XI. De jurejurando et votis. [On oaths and vows.] 208.

1. Jurisjurandi definitio et usus. [The nature of oaths and their use.] ib. <viii>

2. Quis invocandus et qua formula? [Who ought to be invoked and in which form.] 209. Jus jurandum non mutat officium. [Oath does not alter a duty.] 211.

3. Sine acceptione non obligat. [Oath does not oblige without acceptance.] ib.

4. Voti natura non immutat obligationes aut officia. [The nature of vows does not alter obligations and duties.] 212.

Cap. XII. De rerum pretio. [On the value of goods.]

1. Unde pendet. [The grounds of value.] 214.

2. Pretium eminens quale. [What is eminent value.] 215.

3. 4. Nummorum usus. [The use of coinage.] 216. et pretium mutabile. [And the change of its value.] 217.

Cap. XIII. De variis contractuum generibus. [On the several sorts of contracts.] 219.

1. Benefici et onerosi; mandatum. [Beneficent and onerous contracts; mandate.] ib.

2. 3. Commodatum. [Gratuitous loan for use.] 220. depositum. [Deposit.] 221. Actiones directae et contrariae. ib.

4. In contractibus onerosis servanda aequalitas. [In honerous contracts goods or rights of equal value must be transferred.] 222.

5. Permutatio. Emptio venditio. [Barter. Buying. Selling.] 223.

6. Locatio conductio. [Letting and hiring.] 224.

7. Mutuum. Aequi foenoris mensura. [Loans for consumption. The just interest of money.] 225.

8. Qui contractus aleam continentes probandi. [Which contracts about hazards are to be approved.] 226.

9. Fidejussiones et pignora. [Bail or sureties, and pledges.] 228.

Cap. XIV. Obligationes quasi ex contractu. [On obligations like those from contracts.] 230.

1. 2. Earum duo genera. [Two sorts of them.]

3. Alumni adversus altorem obligatio. [The obligation of an indigent child toward his maintainer.] 233.

Cap. XV. Jura ex damno dato. Jura Belli. [On rights arising from damage done, and the rights of war.] 235.

1. 2. De damno sarciendo. [On repairing damage.] ib. et aestimando. [And on valuing it.] 236.

3. De damno fortuito et damno injuriâ. [On damage done by accident and damages done injuriously.] 238.

4. De Bello ejusque generibus. [On War and its different kinds.] 239.

5. Bella nonnunquam licita. Tria spectanda. [Wars often lawful. Three points to be settled.] 240.

6. Causae justae, in libertate, vitâque civili. [Just causes in natural liberty and in civil society.] 242.

7. 8. Terminus a quo, et ad quem. [The term of commencing and the term of ending war.] 244. Quae vindicta damnanda. [Which revenges are to be condemned.] 245.

9. Condicta certamina ferè semper illicita. [Duels almost always unlawful.] 246.

Cap. XVI. De jure extraordinario; et jure omnium communi. [On extraordinary rights, and on the common rights of mankind.] 249.

1. Tempore mutato mutantur officia. [Duties are changed by a change of circumstances.] ib.

2. Exceptiones causis tantum gravissimis dandae. [Exceptions are to be allowed only for the most serious reasons.] 250. Diluuntur objectiones. [Objections answered.] 251.

3. Doctrinae hujus cautiones. [Cautions in applying this doctrine.] 252.

4. Humani generis jura communia. [The common rights of mankind.] 254. <ix>

Cap. XVII. De juris interitu. &c. [How rights and obligations cease. Etc.] 256.

1. Tribus modis tolluntur obligationes. Solutione, cessione, et conditionis defectu. [Obligations are taken away three ways, by payment, remission, or defect of conditions.] ib.

2. De litibus in libertate dirimendis. [The several ways of ending controversies in natural liberty.] 258.

3. De interpretatione ejusque regulis. [On interpretation and its rules.] 259.

LIB. III. Oeconomices et Politices elementa. [The elements of Economics and politics]

Cap. I. De conjugio. [On marriage.] 262.

1. 2. Conjugia necessaria et naturalia. [Marriage necessary and natural.] 263.

3. Plato notandus aliique. [A comment on Plato and others.] 264.

4. Coërcenda venus nefanda, amoresque vagi. [Monstrous lust and dissolute procreation are to be restrained.] 266.

5. Matrimonii leges quatuor. [Four laws of marriage.] 267–270.

6. Matrimonii impedimenta naturalia et moralia, aetas inhabilis, contractus prior, et arcta sanguinis conjunctio. [Impediments of marriage natural and moral: improper age, prior contracts, and consanguinity.] 270.

7. Repudiorum causae. [Causes of divorce.] 273.

Cap. II. De parentum et liberorum officiis. [On the Duties of Parents and Children.] 275.

1. Potestatis Parentalis fundamentum et fines. [The grounds of parental power, and the extent of it.] ib.

2. Utrique parenti competit. [It is common to both parents.] 276.

3. Legibus civilibus augeri potest. [Parental power may be enlarged by civil laws.] 278.

4. Liberorum parentumque officia. [The duties of parents and children.] ib.

Cap. III. De herorum et servorum jure. [On the rights of masters and servants.] 279.

1. Unde orta servitus. [The origin of servitude.] ib. Ejusque leges variae. [And its several laws.] 280.

2. Servorum ob damnum datum aut delictum quaenam jura. [The rights of those in servitude due to damage or crime.] 281. Quo jure captivi. [The rights of captives.] 282.

3. Herorum et servorum officia. [Mutual duties of masters and servants.] 285.

Cap. IV. De civitatum origine. [On the origin of States.] 286.

1. 2. Quaenam ad vitam civilem invitarunt. [What recommends civil life to men.] ib.

3. Non rectè per vim constitui potest civitas. [The State can not have been constituted rightfully by violence.] 289.

4. Vitae civilis opportunitates. [The conveniences of civil life.] 290. Civitas definitur. [The definition of State.] ib. civile et despoticum contraria. [Civil and despotic power are opposite.] ib.

Cap. V. De interna civitatum structura, et summae potestatis partibus. [On the internal structure of States; and the parts of supreme Power.] 291.

1. Ex solo populi consensu oritur jus imperandi. [Civil power only arises from the consent of the people.] 292. Unica exceptio. [The sole exception.] ib.

2. Tres actus in imperio constituendo. [Three deeds necessary to constitute a state.] 293. Quo modo ad posteros transmittatur obligatio civilis. [How posterity is bound.] ib. <x>

3. Civitas una persona. jus omne publicum quale. [The state is conceived as one person. The nature of publick law.] 295.

4. Potestatis summae partes immanentes vel transeuntes. [The several parts of supreme power.] ib. Immanentes tres. [Three immanent.] ib. Transeuntes duae. [Two transient.] ib. Jus imperii eminens. [The greater rights.] 297. Jura majestatis minora. [The smaller rights.] ib.

5. Quis summum habet imperium. [Who has the supreme power.] ib. In omni civitate majestas eadem. [In every State the same sovereignty.] 298. Quaenam civitates foederatae, quid systema civitatum. [What is an alliance of States, what is a System of States.] ib.

Cap. VI. De variis rerumpub. formis. [Of the various forms of government.] 299.

1. Simplicium tria genera. [Three simple kinds.] ib.

2. Cujusque plures species. [Of each several species.] 300. Mixtarum ingens numerus. [A great number of mixed forms.] 301.

3. Quatuor in politia spectanda. [Four main advantages to be pursued.] ib. Imperii nexus inter eos qui reipub. praesunt. [Some civil bond of union among the subjects in which power is lodged.] 302. Dominium est unicum potestatis fundamentum. [Power only rests on property.] ib. Absint parum civilia jura aut privilegia. [No unequal privileges should be granted.] 303. Quid praecipuè per politiam praecavendum. [What especially to beware of.] ib. Quis civium numerus maximè idoneus. [The fittest number of citizens for a State.] 304.

4. Monarchiae opportunitates, legibus circumscriptae praecipuè. [The advantages and disadvantages of monarchy, especially of those limited by laws.] 305. Aristocratiae commoda et incommoda. [The advantages and disadvantages of aristocracy.] ib. Democratiae item. [And of democracy.] 306. Tabellarum usus. [The use of the ballot.] ib.

5. Formae mixtae omnium optimae. [Mixed forms of government are the best of all.] ib. Quae praecipuè in iis observanda. [What especially is to be observed in them.] 307–309.

Cap. VII. De summi imperii Jure, ejusque acquirendi rationibus. [On the Rights of supreme Power, and the Ways of acquiring it.] 309.

1. Potestas in diversis civitatibus diversa. Quae justa. [Power different in different States. Which one is just.] 310. De Imperii Jure Divino. [On civil power by divine right.] ib.

2. 3. Populo sui defendendi jus est, contra eos qui Reipub. praesunt. [The people has a right of defence against those who govern.] 311. Interregnum. [The nature of an inter-regnum.] 313.

4. Officia adversum Reges. [What is due to princes.] 314.

5. Libertas naturalis et civilis. [Liberty natural and civil.] 315.

6. Qualis rectorum sanctitas et majestas, et unde. [Which are the sacred rights and majesty of governors, and from where.] ib.

7. Nulla imperii forma a Deo praescripta. [No form of government ordered by God.] 316.

8. 9. Quale jus imperii ex victoria. [What right to rule from conquest.] 317.

10. Regna patrimonialia nullo jure arrogantur. [Patrimonial kingdoms are not granted by any right.] 320. <xi>

11. De succedendi jure, quique regnorum haeredes excludendi. [On the right of succession and of excluding heirs.] 321.

12. De Regis aut populi jure in colonias. [The right of people or king over their colonies.] 323.

Cap. VIII. De Legibus condendis et Jurisdictione. [On making Civil Laws and on their Execution.] 325.

1. Quousque circa hominum sententias, ritusque sacrorum, pertineat potestas civilis. [What is relevant to civil power in the religious opinions and worship of men.] 325–327.

2. Virtutes fovendae. Temperantia. [Virtues to be chiefly encouraged. Temperance.] ibid.

3. 4. Diligentia, industria. [Diligence, Industry.] 330. Justitia. [Justice.] ib.

5. Fortitudo, et scientia militaris. [Fortitude and military arts.] 331.

6. Prohibenda exterorum in civitate potestas. [No subjects should depend on any foreign State or power.] 332.

7. Legum civilium materia. [The subject-matter of civil laws.] ib.

8. Legum sanctiones. Existimatio, honor. [The sanctions of laws. Reputation. Honours.] 333.

9. Poenae et castigationis natura. [The nature of punishment and chastisement.] 334. poenarum mensura. [The measure of punishment.] ib. Quae προσωποληψία damnanda. [What respect of persons lawful, what unlawful.]

10. De poenis universitatum. [On the punishment of corporations.] 336.

11. Leges de tributis sanctissime servandae. [Obligation to pay tribute.] 337.

12. Civium officia adversus civitatis rectores. [The duties of citizens toward governors.] ib.

Cap. IX. De Jure Belli. [The Rights of War.] 339.

1. Belli jura eadem quae in libertate. [The rights of war are the same as in natural liberty.] ib. Bellum solenne. [Solemn war.] ib. Indictio non necessaria. [A previous declaration not necessary.] 340.

2. 3. Jus gentium necessarium et voluntarium. [Publick law, necessary or voluntary.] 341. Belli causae et termini. [The causes and terms of war.] ib. Quae fallendi artes licitae. [Which arts of deceiving are lawful.] 342. Jura voluntaria. [Voluntary laws of war.] ib.

4. Quo jure res hostium capiuntur. [The right of seizing the goods of enemies.] 343.

5. Quae civitates medias spectant jura. [Laws relating to neutral states.] 344. De perfugis protegendis. [The protection of fugitives.] 347.

Cap. X. De Foederibus, Legatis, et Civitatum interitu. [On Treaties, Ambassadors, and the dissolution of Civil Societies.] 348.

1. Quando danda exceptio vis et metus. [When objection arises from force or fear.] ib. Foedera realia et personalia. [Real and personal treaties.] 349.

2. Omnes legati liberarum civitatum pares. [The rights of ambassadors of independent States are all the same.] ib. legatorum jura. [The rights of ambassadors.] 350.

3. De civili vinculo solvendo. [How states are dissolved.] 352.

4. Quo jure civitas sui partem, aut provinciam, aut civem strenuum dedere potest. [Rights of alienating parts of the State or provinces, or of giving up citizens.] ib.

5. Civitate deleta, quo jure sint cives et provinciae. [The rights of provinces and citizens of a destroyed state.] 354. Civium manente civitate officia. [Our duty to our Country.] 355.