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As discussed earlier, cytokines produced by MAIT cells can stimulate epithelial cells, including cholangiocytes, to secrete IL‐6, IL‐1β, IL‐23 and TGF‐β [7]. This combination of cytokines can transform iTregs into activated Th17 cells that promote a proinflammatory Th17‐mediated inflammation (Figure 2.2).