Читать книгу Soil Bioremediation - Группа авторов - Страница 23

HMs are released into the environment by industrial activities, ore mining, and through other product uses. Further anthropogenic sources are agricultural activities such as: fertilizer use, animal manures, and pesticides; metallurgical activities, smelting, metal finishing; dyes; energy production; transportation; and microelectronic products [24]. Fertilizers are used to provide essential nutrients to soil and crops for sustainable production and improved quality and pesticides are applied to protect crops from pest and diseases. Both products contain HM. Moreover, soil amendments, derived from sewage sludge also contain HM, which is mobilized during crop growth due to irrigation [25, 26]. It is believed that Pb, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, and Ni mainly came from anthropogenic sources with complex distribution and exposures [27]. Fossil fuel combustion is again one of the major sources of HM and there is a need for the reduction of this source by adopting other fuel technologies [28]. Urban areas are generally contaminated with Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu due to fossil fuels emissions by traffic and the paint industry [29].